Compositions And Methods For Inhibiting Expression Of The HAMP Gene

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to a double-stranded ribonucleic acid (dsRNA) for inhibiting the expression of the HAMP gene (HAMP gene), comprising an antisense strand having a nucleotide sequence which is less that 30 nucleotides in length, generally 19-25 nucleotides in length, and which is substantially complementary to at least a part of the HAMP gene. The invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising the dsRNA together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier; methods for treating diseases caused by HAMP gene expression and the expression of the HAMP gene using the pharmaceutical composition.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. application Ser. No. 14/303,921, filed Jun. 13, 2014 (pending); U.S. application Ser. No. 13/900,854, filed May 23, 2013 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,791,250); U.S. application Ser. No. 13/590,783, filed Aug. 21, 2012 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,470,799); U.S. application Ser. No. 13/184,087, filed Jul. 15, 2011 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,268,799); U.S. application Ser. No. 12/757,497, filed Apr. 9, 2010 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,163,711); U.S. application Ser. No. 11/859,288, filed Sep. 21, 2007 (abandoned); U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/846,266, filed Sep. 21, 2006; and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/870,253, filed Dec. 15, 2006. The entire contents of these applications are hereby incorporated by reference in the present application, in their entirety, for all purposes.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to double-stranded ribonucleic acid (dsRNA), and its use in mediating RNA interference to inhibit the expression of the HAMP gene and the use of the dsRNA to treat pathological processes which can be mediated by down regulating HAMP, such as anemia and other diseases associated with lowered iron levels.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The discovery of the hepcidin peptide and characterization of its gene, HAMP,⁴ has led to the revision of previous models for the regulation of iron homeostasis and the realisation that the liver plays a key role in determining iron absorption from the gut and iron release from recycling and storage sites. Perhaps the most striking example has been to change the pathogenic model of HFE-related hereditary haemochromatosis from the crypt-programming model centered on the duodenal absorptive enterocyte to the hepcidin model centered on the hepatocyte.^(5,6) In summary, the hepcidin model proposes that the rate of iron efflux into the plasma depends primarily on the plasma level of hepcidin; when iron levels are high the synthesis of hepcidin increases and the release of iron from enterocytes and macrophages is diminished. Conversely when iron stores drop, the synthesis of hepcidin is down-regulated and these cells release more iron.

In order to describe the postulated major role of hepcidin it is necessary to understand the function of ferroportin, a protein first characterised in 2000. Ferroportin is the major iron export protein located on the cell surface of enterocytes, macrophages and hepatocytes, the main cells capable of releasing iron into plasma for transport by transferrin.⁷

The major iron recycling pathway is centered on the degradation of senescent red cells by reticuloendothelial macrophages located in bone marrow, hepatic Kupffer cells and spleen. The exit of iron from these macrophages is controlled by ferroportin. The role of the hepatocyte is central to the action of ferroportin, because the hepatocyte is proposed to sense body iron status and either release or down-regulate hepcidin, which then interacts with ferroportin to modulate the release of cellular iron. Hepcidin directly binds to ferroportin and decreases its functional activity by causing it to be internalized from the cell surface and degraded.⁸

Increased hepcidin synthesis is thought to mediate iron metabolism in two clinically important circumstances, shown schematically in FIG. 1. In individuals who do not harbour mutations causing haemochromatosis, the hepatocyte is thought to react to either an increase in iron saturation of transferrin or to increased iron stores in hepatocytes themselves, by inducing the synthesis of hepcidin by an as yet unknown mechanism. Thus the physiological response to iron overload under normal circumstances would be the hepcidin mediated shut down of iron absorption (enterocyte), recycling (macrophage) and storage (hepatocyte).

The synthesis and release of hepcidin is also rapidly mediated by bacterial lipopolysaccaride and cytokine release, especially interleukin-6 Thus the hepcidin gene is an acute-phase responsive gene which is overexpressed in response to inflammation. Cytokine mediated induction of hepcidin caused by inflammation or infection is now thought to be responsible for the anaemia of chronic disease, where iron is retained by the key cells that normally provide it, namely enterocytes, macrophages and hepatocytes. Retention of iron leads to the hallmark features of the anaemia of chronic disease, low transferrin saturation, iron-restricted erythropoeisis and mild to moderate anaemia.⁹ The nature of the hepcidin receptor is presently unknown, however an exciting future prospect may be the development of agents to block the receptor with the aim of treating the anaemia of chronic disease, a common often intractable clinical problem.

Down-regulation of hepcidin synthesis results in increased iron release, which arises in the two situations shown schematically in FIG. 2. The main causes of non-HFE haemochromatosis are mutations in either ferroportin, transferrin receptor 2, hepcidin or hemojuvelin genes. Classical HFE haemochromatosis, and all types of non-HFE haemochromatosis thus far studied with the exception of ferroportin related haemochromatosis, are characterised by inappropriate hepcidin deficiency. In these circumstances, hepatocytes become iron loaded, because their uptake of transferrin bound iron from the circulation is assumed to exceed that of ferroportin mediated export. Hepcidin deficiency causes increased ferroportin mediated iron export, resulting in increased enterocyte absorption of iron and perhaps quantitatively more important, enhanced export of recycled iron onto plasma transferrin by macrophages. Hepcidin is also suppressed in thalassaemic syndromes, both β thalassaemia major and intermedia and congenital dyserythropoetic anaemic type 1, where iron absorption is inappropriately stimulated despite the presence of massive iron overload.¹⁰

As shown in FIG. 2, anaemia and hypoxia both trigger a decrease in hepcidin levels. These discoveries were made in animal models and need to be further studied to show they are applicable in humans. Two animal models of anaemia in mice were used to demonstrate a dramatic decrease in hepcidin synthesis where anaemia was provoked either by excessive bleeding or haemolysis.¹¹ This is postulated to permit the rapid mobilisation of iron from macrophages and enterocytes necessary to allow for the increased erythropoietic activity triggered by erythropoietin release. The same study showed down-regulation of hepcidin synthesis can be triggered by hypoxia alone, and mice housed in hypobaric hypoxia chambers simulating an altitude of 5,500 m also showed a rapid decrease in hepcidin.

In summary, hepcidin provides a unifying hypothesis to explain the behaviour of iron in two diverse but common clinical conditions, the anaemia of chronic disease and both HFE and non-HFE haemochromatosis. The pathophysiology of hepcidin has been sufficiently elucidated to offer promise of therapeutic intervention in both of these situations. Administering either hepcidin or an agonist could treat haemochromatosis, where the secretion of hepcidin is abnormally low.

-   1. Park C H, Valore E V, Waring A J, Ganz T. Hepcidin, a urinary     antimicrobial peptide synthesized in the liver. J Biol Chem. 2001;     276:7806-10. -   2. Pigeon C, Ilyin G, Courselaud B, et al. A new mouse     liver-specific gene, encoding a protein homologous to human     antimicrobial peptide hepcidin, is overexpressed during iron     overload. J Biol Chem. 2001; 276:7811-9. -   3. Ganz T. Hepcidin, a key regulator of iron metabolism and mediator     of anemia of inflammation. Blood. 2003; 102:783-8. -   4. Roetto A, Papanikolaou G, Politou M, et al. Mutant antimicrobial     peptide hepcidin is associated with severe juvenile hemochromatosis.     Nat Genet. 2003; 33:21-2. -   5. Fleming R E. Advances in understanding the molecular basis for     the regulation of dietary iron absorption. Curr Opin Gastroenterol.     2005; 21:201-6. -   6. Pietrangelo A. Hereditary hemochromatosis—a new look at an old     disease. N Engl J Med. 2004; 350:2383-97. -   7. Donovan A, Brownlie A, Zhou Y, et al. Positional cloning of     zebrafish ferroportinl identifies a conserved vertebrate iron     exporter. Nature. 2000; 403:776-81. -   8. Nemeth E, Tuttle M S, Powelson J, et al. Hepcidin regulates     cellular iron efflux by binding to ferroportin and inducing its     internalization. Science. 2004; 306:2090-3. -   9. Weiss G, Goodnough L T. Anemia of chronic disease. N Engl J Med.     2005; 352:1011-23. -   10. Papanikolaou G, Tzilianos M, Christakis J I, et al. Hepcidin in     iron overload disorders. Blood. 2005; 105:4103-5. -   11. Nicolas G, Chauvet C, Viatte L, et al. The gene encoding the     iron regulatory peptide hepcidin is regulated by anemia, hypoxia,     and inflammation. J Clin Invest. 2002; 110:1037-44.

The anemia of inflammation, commonly observed in patients with chronic infections, malignancy, trauma, and inflammatory disorders, is a well-known clinical entity. Until recently, little was understood about its pathogenesis. It now appears that the inflammatory cytokine IL-6 induces production of hepcidin, an iron-regulatory hormone that may be responsible for most or all of the features of this disorder. (Andrews N.C. J Clin Invest. 2004 May 1; 113(9): 1251-1253). As such, down regulation of hepcidin in anemic patients will lead to a reduction in inflammation associated with such anemia.

Recently, double-stranded RNA molecules (dsRNA) have been shown to block gene expression in a highly conserved regulatory mechanism known as RNA interference (RNAi). WO 99/32619 (Fire et al.) discloses the use of a dsRNA of at least 25 nucleotides in length to inhibit the expression of genes in C. elegans. dsRNA has also been shown to degrade target RNA in other organisms, including plants (see, e.g., WO 99/53050, Waterhouse et al.; and WO 99/61631, Heifetz et al.), Drosophila (see, e.g., Yang, D., et al., Curr. Biol. (2000) 10:1191-1200), and mammals (see WO 00/44895, Limmer; and DE 101 00 586.5, Kreutzer et al.). This natural mechanism has now become the focus for the development of a new class of pharmaceutical agents for treating disorders that are caused by the aberrant or unwanted regulation of a gene.

Despite significant advances in the field of RNAi and advances in the treatment of pathological processes which can be mediated by down regulating HAMP gene expression, there remains a need for agents that can inhibit HAMP gene expression and that can treat diseases associated with HAMP gene expression such as anemia and other diseases associated with lowered iron levels.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides a solution to the problem of treating diseases that can be modulated by down regulating the proprotein hepcidin gene/protein (HAMP) by using double-stranded ribonucleic acid (dsRNA) to silence HAMP expression.

The invention provides double-stranded ribonucleic acid (dsRNA), as well as compositions and methods for inhibiting the expression of the HAMP gene in a cell or mammal using such dsRNA. The invention also provides compositions and methods for treating pathological conditions that can modulated by down regulating the expression of the HAMP gene, such as anemia and other diseases associated with lowered iron levels. The dsRNA of the invention comprises an RNA strand (the antisense strand) having a region which is less than 30 nucleotides in length, generally 19-24 nucleotides in length, and is substantially complementary to at least part of an mRNA transcript of the HAMP gene.

In one embodiment, the invention provides double-stranded ribonucleic acid (dsRNA) molecules for inhibiting the expression of the HAMP gene. The dsRNA comprises at least two sequences that are complementary to each other. The dsRNA comprises a sense strand comprising a first sequence and an antisense strand comprising a second sequence. The antisense strand comprises a nucleotide sequence which is substantially complementary to at least part of an mRNA encoding HAMP, and the region of complementarity is less than 30 nucleotides in length, generally 19-24 nucleotides in length. The dsRNA, upon contacting with a cell expressing the HAMP, inhibits the expression of the HAMP gene by at least 40%.

For example, the dsRNA molecules of the invention can be comprised of a first sequence of the dsRNA that is selected from the group consisting of the sense sequences of Tables 1 or 3 and the second sequence is selected from the group consisting of the antisense sequences of Tables 1 or 3. The dsRNA molecules of the invention can be comprised of naturally occurring nucleotides or can be comprised of at least one modified nucleotide, such as a 2′-O-methyl modified nucleotide, a nucleotide comprising a 5′-phosphorothioate group, and a terminal nucleotide linked to a cholesteryl derivative. Alternatively, the modified nucleotide may be chosen from the group of: a 2′-deoxy-2′-fluoro modified nucleotide, a 2′-deoxy-modified nucleotide, a locked nucleotide, an abasic nucleotide, 2′-amino-modified nucleotide, 2′-alkyl-modified nucleotide, morpholino nucleotide, a phosphoramidate, and a non-natural base comprising nucleotide. Generally, such modified sequence will be based on a first sequence of said dsRNA selected from the group consisting of the sense sequences of Tables 1 or 3 and a second sequence selected from the group consisting of the antisense sequences of Tables 1 or 3.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a cell comprising one of the dsRNAs of the invention. The cell is generally a mammalian cell, such as a human cell.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition for inhibiting the expression of the HAMP gene in an organism, generally a human subject, comprising one or more of the dsRNA of the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or delivery vehicle. Preferable the carrier or delivery vehicle will be one that selectively targets the siRNA to the liver.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a method for inhibiting the expression of the HAMP gene in a cell, comprising the following steps:

-   -   (a) introducing into the cell a double-stranded ribonucleic acid         (dsRNA), wherein the dsRNA comprises at least two sequences that         are complementary to each other. The dsRNA comprises a sense         strand comprising a first sequence and an antisense strand         comprising a second sequence. The antisense strand comprises a         region of complementarity which is substantially complementary         to at least a part of a mRNA encoding HAMP, and wherein the         region of complementarity is less than 30 nucleotides in length,         generally 19-24 nucleotides in length, and wherein the dsRNA,         upon contact with a cell expressing the HAMP, inhibits         expression of the HAMP gene by at least 40%; and     -   (b) maintaining the cell produced in step (a) for a time         sufficient to obtain degradation of the mRNA transcript of the         HAMP gene, thereby inhibiting expression of the HAMP gene in the         cell.

In another embodiment, the invention provides methods for treating, preventing or managing pathological processes which can be mediated by down regulating HAMP gene expression, e.g. anemia and other diseases associated with lowered iron levels, comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment, prevention or management a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of one or more of the dsRNAs of the invention.

In another embodiment, the invention provides vectors for inhibiting the expression of the HAMP gene in a cell, comprising a regulatory sequence operably linked to a nucleotide sequence that encodes at least one strand of one of the dsRNA of the invention.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a cell comprising a vector for inhibiting the expression of the HAMP gene in a cell. The vector comprises a regulatory sequence operably linked to a nucleotide sequence that encodes at least one strand of one of the dsRNA of the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating induction of liver hepcidin synthesis, which decreases iron export from absorptive cells (enterocytes), recycling cells (macrophages) and storage cells (hepatocytes).

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating that down-regulation of liver hepcidin synthesis increases iron export from absorptive cells (enterocytes), recycling cells (macrophages) and storage cells (hepatocytes). The box labelled ‘HFE- and Non-HFE haemochromatosis. (not FP disease)’ refers to HFE- and non-HFE haemochromatosis with the sole exception of ferroportin disease.

FIG. 3 is a graph showing the silencing activity of human hepcidin-siRNAs.

FIG. 4 is a graph showing the silencing activity of human hepcidin-siRNAs.

FIG. 5 is a graph showing the silencing activity of human hepcidin-siRNAs.

FIG. 6 is a graph showing the activity of mouse hepcidin siRNAs.

FIG. 7 shows the structure of the ND-98 lipid used in generating liposomes used for in vivo studies.

FIGS. 8A and 8B are graphs of in vivo activity of a liposomal formulated mouse hepcidin siRNA.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides a solution to the problem of treating diseases that can be modulated by the down regulation of the HAMP gene, by using double-stranded ribonucleic acid (dsRNA) to silence the HAMP gene thus providing treatment for diseases such as anemia and other diseases associated with lowered iron levels.

The invention provides double-stranded ribonucleic acid (dsRNA), as well as compositions and methods for inhibiting the expression of the HAMP gene in a cell or mammal using the dsRNA. The invention also provides compositions and methods for treating pathological conditions and diseases that can be modulated by down regulating the expression of the HAMP gene. dsRNA directs the sequence-specific degradation of mRNA through a process known as RNA interference (RNAi).

The dsRNA of the invention comprises an RNA strand (the antisense strand) having a region which is less than 30 nucleotides in length, generally 19-24 nucleotides in length, and is substantially complementary to at least part of an mRNA transcript of the HAMP gene. The use of these dsRNAs enables the targeted degradation of an mRNA that is involved in sodium transport. Using cell-based and animal assays, the present inventors have demonstrated that very low dosages of these dsRNA can specifically and efficiently mediate RNAi, resulting in significant inhibition of expression of the HAMP gene. Thus, the methods and compositions of the invention comprising these dsRNAs are useful for treating pathological processes which can be mediated by down regulating HAMP, such as in the treatment of anemia and other diseases associated with lowered iron levels.

The following detailed description discloses how to make and use the dsRNA and compositions containing dsRNA to inhibit the expression of the target HAMP gene, as well as compositions and methods for treating diseases that can be modulated by down regulating the expression of HAMP, such as anemia and other diseases associated with lowered iron levels. The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention comprise a dsRNA having an antisense strand comprising a region of complementarity which is less than 30 nucleotides in length, generally 19-24 nucleotides in length, and is substantially complementary to at least part of an RNA transcript of the HAMP gene, together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

Accordingly, certain aspects of the invention provide pharmaceutical compositions comprising the dsRNA of the invention together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, methods of using the compositions to inhibit expression of the HAMP gene, and methods of using the pharmaceutical compositions to treat diseases that can be modulated by down regulating the expression of HAMP.

I. DEFINITIONS

For convenience, the meaning of certain terms and phrases used in the specification, examples, and appended claims, are provided below. If there is an apparent discrepancy between the usage of a term in other parts of this specification and its definition provided in this section, the definition in this section shall prevail.

“G,” “C,” “A” and “U” each generally stand for a nucleotide that contains guanine, cytosine, adenine, and uracil as a base, respectively. However, it will be understood that the term “ribonucleotide” or “nucleotide” can also refer to a modified nucleotide, as further detailed below, or a surrogate replacement moiety. The skilled person is well aware that guanine, cytosine, adenine, and uracil may be replaced by other moieties without substantially altering the base pairing properties of an oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide bearing such replacement moiety. For example, without limitation, a nucleotide comprising inosine as its base may base pair with nucleotides containing adenine, cytosine, or uracil. Hence, nucleotides containing uracil, guanine, or adenine may be replaced in the nucleotide sequences of the invention by a nucleotide containing, for example, inosine. Sequences comprising such replacement moieties are embodiments of the invention.

As used herein, “HAMP” refers to the hepcidin gene or protein (also known as LEAP). mRNA sequences to HAMP are provided as human: Genbank accession NM_021175.2.

As used herein, “target sequence” refers to a contiguous portion of the nucleotide sequence of an mRNA molecule formed during the transcription of the HAMP gene, including mRNA that is a product of RNA processing of a primary transcription product.

As used herein, the term “strand comprising a sequence” refers to an oligonucleotide comprising a chain of nucleotides that is described by the sequence referred to using the standard nucleotide nomenclature.

As used herein, and unless otherwise indicated, the term “complementary,” when used to describe a first nucleotide sequence in relation to a second nucleotide sequence, refers to the ability of an oligonucleotide or polynucleotide comprising the first nucleotide sequence to hybridize and form a duplex structure under certain conditions with an oligonucleotide or polynucleotide comprising the second nucleotide sequence, as will be understood by the skilled person. Such conditions can, for example, be stringent conditions, where stringent conditions may include: 400 mM NaCl, 40 mM PIPES pH 6.4, 1 mM EDTA, 50° C. or 70° C. for 12-16 hours followed by washing. Other conditions, such as physiologically relevant conditions as may be encountered inside an organism, can apply. The skilled person will be able to determine the set of conditions most appropriate for a test of complementarity of two sequences in accordance with the ultimate application of the hybridized nucleotides.

This includes base-pairing of the oligonucleotide or polynucleotide comprising the first nucleotide sequence to the oligonucleotide or polynucleotide comprising the second nucleotide sequence over the entire length of the first and second nucleotide sequence. Such sequences can be referred to as “fully complementary” with respect to each other herein. However, where a first sequence is referred to as “substantially complementary” with respect to a second sequence herein, the two sequences can be fully complementary, or they may form one or more, but generally not more than 4, 3 or 2 mismatched base pairs upon hybridization, while retaining the ability to hybridize under the conditions most relevant to their ultimate application. However, where two oligonucleotides are designed to form, upon hybridization, one or more single stranded overhangs, such overhangs shall not be regarded as mismatches with regard to the determination of complementarity. For example, a dsRNA comprising one oligonucleotide 21 nucleotides in length and another oligonucleotide 23 nucleotides in length, wherein the longer oligonucleotide comprises a sequence of 21 nucleotides that is fully complementary to the shorter oligonucleotide, may yet be referred to as “fully complementary” for the purposes of the invention.

“Complementary” sequences, as used herein, may also include, or be formed entirely from, non-Watson-Crick base pairs and/or base pairs formed from non-natural and modified nucleotides, in as far as the above requirements with respect to their ability to hybridize are fulfilled.

The terms “complementary”, “fully complementary” and “substantially complementary” herein may be used with respect to the base matching between the sense strand and the antisense strand of a dsRNA, or between the antisense strand of a dsRNA and a target sequence, as will be understood from the context of their use.

As used herein, a polynucleotide which is “substantially complementary to at least part of” a messenger RNA (mRNA) refers to a polynucleotide which is substantially complementary to a contiguous portion of the mRNA of interest (e.g., encoding HAMP). For example, a polynucleotide is complementary to at least a part of a HAMP mRNA if the sequence is substantially complementary to a non-interrupted portion of a mRNA encoding HAMP.

The term “double-stranded RNA” or “dsRNA”, as used herein, refers to a complex of ribonucleic acid molecules, having a duplex structure comprising two anti-parallel and substantially complementary, as defined above, nucleic acid strands. The two strands forming the duplex structure may be different portions of one larger RNA molecule, or they may be separate RNA molecules. Where separate RNA molecules, such dsRNA are often referred to in the literature as siRNA (“short interfering RNA”). Where the two strands are part of one larger molecule, and therefore are connected by an uninterrupted chain of nucleotides between the 3′-end of one strand and the 5′ end of the respective other strand forming the duplex structure, the connecting RNA chain is referred to as a “hairpin loop”, “short hairpin RNA” or “shRNA”. Where the two strands are connected covalently by means other than an uninterrupted chain of nucleotides between the 3′-end of one strand and the 5′ end of the respective other strand forming the duplex structure, the connecting structure is referred to as a “linker”. The RNA strands may have the same or a different number of nucleotides. The maximum number of base pairs is the number of nucleotides in the shortest strand of the dsRNA minus any overhangs that are present in the duplex. In addition to the duplex structure, a dsRNA may comprise one or more nucleotide overhangs. In addition, as used in this specification, “dsRNA” may include chemical modifications to ribonucleotides, including substantial modifications at multiple nucleotides and including all types of modifications disclosed herein or known in the art. Any such modifications, as used in an siRNA type molecule, are encompassed by “dsRNA” for the purposes of this specification and claims.

As used herein, a “nucleotide overhang” refers to the unpaired nucleotide or nucleotides that protrude from the duplex structure of a dsRNA when a 3′-end of one strand of the dsRNA extends beyond the 5′-end of the other strand, or vice versa. “Blunt” or “blunt end” means that there are no unpaired nucleotides at that end of the dsRNA, i.e., no nucleotide overhang. A “blunt ended” dsRNA is a dsRNA that is double-stranded over its entire length, i.e., no nucleotide overhang at either end of the molecule. For clarity, chemical caps or non-nucleotide chemical moieties conjugated to the 3′ end or 5′ end of an siRNA are not considered in determining whether an siRNA has an overhang or is blunt ended.

The term “antisense strand” refers to the strand of a dsRNA which includes a region that is substantially complementary to a target sequence. As used herein, the term “region of complementarity” refers to the region on the antisense strand that is substantially complementary to a sequence, for example a target sequence, as defined herein. Where the region of complementarity is not fully complementary to the target sequence, the mismatches are most tolerated in the terminal regions and, if present, are generally in a terminal region or regions, e.g., within 6, 5, 4, 3, or 2 nucleotides of the 5′ and/or 3′ terminus.

The term “sense strand,” as used herein, refers to the strand of a dsRNA that includes a region that is substantially complementary to a region of the antisense strand.

“Introducing into a cell”, when referring to a dsRNA, means facilitating uptake or absorption into the cell, as is understood by those skilled in the art. Absorption or uptake of dsRNA can occur through unaided diffusive or active cellular processes, or by auxiliary agents or devices. The meaning of this term is not limited to cells in vitro; a dsRNA may also be “introduced into a cell”, wherein the cell is part of a living organism. In such instance, introduction into the cell will include the delivery to the organism. For example, for in vivo delivery, dsRNA can be injected into a tissue site or administered systemically. In vitro introduction into a cell includes methods known in the art such as electroporation and lipofection.

The terms “silence” and “inhibit the expression of”, in as far as they refer to the HAMP gene, herein refer to the at least partial suppression of the expression of the HAMP gene, as manifested by a reduction of the amount of mRNA transcribed from the HAMP gene which may be isolated from a first cell or group of cells in which the HAMP gene is transcribed and which has or have been treated such that the expression of the HAMP gene is inhibited, as compared to a second cell or group of cells substantially identical to the first cell or group of cells but which has or have not been so treated (control cells). The degree of inhibition is usually expressed in terms of

${\frac{\left( {{mRNA}\mspace{14mu} {in}\mspace{14mu} {control}\mspace{14mu} {cells}} \right) - \left( {{mRNA}\mspace{14mu} {in}\mspace{14mu} {treated}\mspace{14mu} {cells}} \right)}{\left( {{mRNA}\mspace{14mu} {in}\mspace{14mu} {control}\mspace{14mu} {cells}} \right)} \cdot 100}\%$

Alternatively, the degree of inhibition may be given in terms of a reduction of a parameter that is functionally linked to HAMP gene transcription, e.g. the amount of protein encoded by the HAMP gene which is secreted by a cell, or the number of cells displaying a certain phenotype, e.g apoptosis. In principle, HAMP gene silencing may be determined in any cell expressing the target, either constitutively or by genomic engineering, and by any appropriate assay. However, when a reference is needed in order to determine whether a given dsRNA inhibits the expression of the HAMP gene by a certain degree and therefore is encompassed by the instant invention, the assay provided in the Examples below shall serve as such reference.

For example, in certain instances, expression of the HAMP gene is suppressed by at least about 20%, 25%, 35%, or 50% by administration of the double-stranded oligonucleotide of the invention. In some embodiments, the HAMP gene is suppressed by at least about 60%, 70%, or 80% by administration of the double-stranded oligonucleotide of the invention. In some embodiments, the HAMP gene is suppressed by at least about 85%, 90%, or 95% by administration of the double-stranded oligonucleotide of the invention. Table 2 provides a wide range of values for inhibition of expression obtained in an in vitro assay using various HAMP dsRNA molecules at various concentrations.

As used herein in the context of HAMP expression, the terms “treat”, “treatment”, and the like, refer to relief from or alleviation of pathological processes which can be mediated by down regulating the HAMP gene. In the context of the present invention insofar as it relates to any of the other conditions recited herein below (other than pathological processes which can be mediated by down regulating the HAMP gene), the terms “treat”, “treatment”, and the like mean to relieve or alleviate at least one symptom associated with such condition, or to slow or reverse the progression of such condition. For example, in the context of anemia and other diseases associated with lowered iron levels, treatment will involve an increase in serum iron levels. Example patient populations that can benefit from such a treatment include, but are not limited to, individuals having anemia as a result of chronic renal failure, cancer patients, patients with chronic inflammatory disease as well as patients with chronic GI bleeding, such as with chronic ulcers or colon tumors.

As used herein, the phrases “therapeutically effective amount” and “prophylactically effective amount” refer to an amount that provides a therapeutic benefit in the treatment, prevention, or management of pathological processes which can be mediated by down regulating the HAMP gene on or an overt symptom of pathological processes which can be mediated by down regulating the HAMP gene. The specific amount that is therapeutically effective can be readily determined by ordinary medical practitioner, and may vary depending on factors known in the art, such as, e.g. the type of pathological processes which can be mediated by down regulating the HAMP gene, the patient's history and age, the stage of pathological processes which can be mediated by down regulating HAMP gene expression, and the administration of other anti-pathological processes which can be mediated by down regulating HAMP gene expression.

As used herein, a “pharmaceutical composition” comprises a pharmacologically effective amount of a dsRNA and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. As used herein, “pharmacologically effective amount,” “therapeutically effective amount” or simply “effective amount” refers to that amount of an RNA effective to produce the intended pharmacological, therapeutic or preventive result. For example, if a given clinical treatment is considered effective when there is at least a 25% reduction in a measurable parameter associated with a disease or disorder, a therapeutically effective amount of a drug for the treatment of that disease or disorder is the amount necessary to effect at least a 25% reduction in that parameter.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” refers to a carrier for administration of a therapeutic agent. Such carriers include, but are not limited to, saline, buffered saline, dextrose, water, glycerol, ethanol, and combinations thereof and are described in more detail below. The term specifically excludes cell culture medium.

As used herein, a “transformed cell” is a cell into which a vector has been introduced from which a dsRNA molecule may be expressed.

II. DOUBLE-STRANDED RIBONUCLEIC ACID (DSRNA)

In one embodiment, the invention provides double-stranded ribonucleic acid (dsRNA) molecules for inhibiting the expression of the HAMP gene in a cell or mammal, wherein the dsRNA comprises an antisense strand comprising a region of complementarity which is complementary to at least a part of an mRNA formed in the expression of the HAMP gene, and wherein the region of complementarity is less than 30 nucleotides in length, generally 19-24 nucleotides in length, and wherein said dsRNA, upon contact with a cell expressing said HAMP gene, inhibits the expression of said HAMP gene by at least 40%. The dsRNA comprises two RNA strands that are sufficiently complementary to hybridize to form a duplex structure. One strand of the dsRNA (the antisense strand) comprises a region of complementarity that is substantially complementary, and generally fully complementary, to a target sequence, derived from the sequence of an mRNA formed during the expression of the HAMP gene, the other strand (the sense strand) comprises a region which is complementary to the antisense strand, such that the two strands hybridize and form a duplex structure when combined under suitable conditions. Generally, the duplex structure is between 15 and 30, more generally between 18 and 25, yet more generally between 19 and 24, and most generally between 19 and 21 base pairs in length. Similarly, the region of complementarity to the target sequence is between 15 and 30, more generally between 18 and 25, yet more generally between 19 and 24, and most generally between 19 and 21 nucleotides in length. The dsRNA of the invention may further comprise one or more single-stranded nucleotide overhang(s). The dsRNA can be synthesized by standard methods known in the art as further discussed below, e.g., by use of an automated DNA synthesizer, such as are commercially available from, for example, Biosearch, Applied Biosystems, Inc. In a preferred embodiment, the HAMP gene is the human HAMP gene. In specific embodiments, the antisense strand of the dsRNA comprises a strand selected from the sense sequences of Tables 1 or 3 and a second sequence selected from the group consisting of the antisense sequences of Tables 1 or 3. Alternative antisense agents that target elsewhere in the target sequence provided in Tables 1 or 3 can readily be determined using the target sequence and the flanking HAMP sequence.

In further embodiments, the dsRNA comprises at least one nucleotide sequence selected from the groups of sequences provided in Tables 1 or 3. In other embodiments, the dsRNA comprises at least two sequences selected from this group, wherein one of the at least two sequences is complementary to another of the at least two sequences, and one of the at least two sequences is substantially complementary to a sequence of an mRNA generated in the expression of the HAMP gene. Generally, the dsRNA comprises two oligonucleotides, wherein one oligonucleotide is described as the sense strand in Tables 1 or 3 and the second oligonucleotide is described as the antisense strand in Tables 1 or 3

The skilled person is well aware that dsRNAs comprising a duplex structure of between 20 and 23, but specifically 21, base pairs have been hailed as particularly effective in inducing RNA interference (Elbashir et al., EMBO 2001, 20:6877-6888). However, others have found that shorter or longer dsRNAs can be effective as well. In the embodiments described above, by virtue of the nature of the oligonucleotide sequences provided in Tables 1 or 3, the dsRNAs of the invention can comprise at least one strand of a length of minimally 21 nt. It can be reasonably expected that shorter dsRNAs comprising one of the sequences of Tables 1 or 3 minus only a few nucleotides on one or both ends may be similarly effective as compared to the dsRNAs described above. Hence, dsRNAs comprising a partial sequence of at least 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, or more contiguous nucleotides from one of the sequences of Tables 1 or 3, and differing in their ability to inhibit the expression of the HAMP gene in a FACS assay as described herein below by not more than 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, or 30% inhibition from a dsRNA comprising the full sequence, are contemplated by the invention. Further dsRNAs that cleave within the target sequence provided in Tables 1 or 3 can readily be made using the HAMP sequence and the target sequence provided.

In addition, the RNAi agents provided in Table 1 identify a site in the HAMP mRNA that is susceptible to RNAi based cleavage. As such the present invention further includes RNAi agents that target within the sequence targeted by one of the agents of the present invention. As used herein a second RNAi agent is said to target within the sequence of a first RNAi agent if the second RNAi agent cleaves the message anywhere within the mRNA that is complementary to the antisense strand of the first RNAi agent. Such a second agent will generally consist of at least 15 contiguous nucleotides from one of the sequences provided in Table 1 coupled to additional nucleotide sequences taken from the region contiguous to the selected sequence in the HAMP gene. For example, the last 15 nucleotides of SEQ ID NO:1 (minus the added AA sequences) combined with the next 6 nucleotides from the target HAMP gene produces a single strand agent of 21 nucleotides that is based on one of the sequences provided in Table 1.

The dsRNA of the invention can contain one or more mismatches to the target sequence. In a preferred embodiment, the dsRNA of the invention contains no more than 3 mismatches. If the antisense strand of the dsRNA contains mismatches to a target sequence, it is preferable that the area of mismatch not be located in the center of the region of complementarity. If the antisense strand of the dsRNA contains mismatches to the target sequence, it is preferable that the mismatch be restricted to 5 nucleotides from either end, for example 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1 nucleotide from either the 5′ or 3′ end of the region of complementarity. For example, for a 23 nucleotide dsRNA strand which is complementary to a region of the HAMP gene, the dsRNA generally does not contain any mismatch within the central 13 nucleotides. The methods described within the invention can be used to determine whether a dsRNA containing a mismatch to a target sequence is effective in inhibiting the expression of the HAMP gene. Consideration of the efficacy of dsRNAs with mismatches in inhibiting expression of the HAMP gene is important, especially if the particular region of complementarity in the HAMP gene is known to have polymorphic sequence variation within the population.

In one embodiment, at least one end of the dsRNA has a single-stranded nucleotide overhang of 1 to 4, generally 1 or 2 nucleotides. dsRNAs having at least one nucleotide overhang have unexpectedly superior inhibitory properties than their blunt-ended counterparts. Moreover, the present inventors have discovered that the presence of only one nucleotide overhang strengthens the interference activity of the dsRNA, without affecting its overall stability. dsRNA having only one overhang has proven particularly stable and effective in vivo, as well as in a variety of cells, cell culture mediums, blood, and serum. Generally, the single-stranded overhang is located at the 3′-terminal end of the antisense strand or, alternatively, at the 3′-terminal end of the sense strand. The dsRNA may also have a blunt end, generally located at the 5′-end of the antisense strand. Such dsRNAs have improved stability and inhibitory activity, thus allowing administration at low dosages, i.e., less than 5 mg/kg body weight of the recipient per day. Generally, the antisense strand of the dsRNA has a nucleotide overhang at the 3′-end, and the 5′-end is blunt. In another embodiment, one or more of the nucleotides in the overhang is replaced with a nucleoside thiophosphate.

In yet another embodiment, the dsRNA is chemically modified to enhance stability. The nucleic acids of the invention may be synthesized and/or modified by methods well established in the art, such as those described in “Current protocols in nucleic acid chemistry”, Beaucage, S. L. et al. (Edrs.), John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y., USA, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. Chemical modifications may include, but are not limited to 2′ modifications, modifications at other sites of the sugar or base of an oligonucleotide, introduction of non-natural bases into the oligonucleotide chain, covalent attachment to a ligand or chemical moiety, and replacement of internucleotide phosphate linkages with alternate linkages such as thiophosphates. More than one such modification may be employed.

Chemical linking of the two separate dsRNA strands may be achieved by any of a variety of well-known techniques, for example by introducing covalent, ionic or hydrogen bonds; hydrophobic interactions, van der Waals or stacking interactions; by means of metal-ion coordination, or through use of purine analogues. Generally, the chemical groups that can be used to modify the dsRNA include, without limitation, methylene blue; bifunctional groups, generally bis-(2-chloroethyl)amine; N-acetyl-N′-(p-glyoxylbenzoyl)cystamine; 4-thiouracil; and psoralen. In one embodiment, the linker is a hexa-ethylene glycol linker. In this case, the dsRNA are produced by solid phase synthesis and the hexa-ethylene glycol linker is incorporated according to standard methods (e.g., Williams, D. J., and K. B. Hall, Biochem. (1996) 35:14665-14670). In a particular embodiment, the 5′-end of the antisense strand and the 3′-end of the sense strand are chemically linked via a hexaethylene glycol linker. In another embodiment, at least one nucleotide of the dsRNA comprises a phosphorothioate or phosphorodithioate groups. The chemical bond at the ends of the dsRNA is generally formed by triple-helix bonds. Table 1 provides examples of modified RNAi agents of the invention.

In yet another embodiment, the nucleotides at one or both of the two single strands may be modified to prevent or inhibit the degradation activities of cellular enzymes, such as, for example, without limitation, certain nucleases. Techniques for inhibiting the degradation activity of cellular enzymes against nucleic acids are known in the art including, but not limited to, 2′-amino modifications, 2′-amino sugar modifications, 2′-F sugar modifications, 2′-F modifications, 2′-alkyl sugar modifications, uncharged backbone modifications, morpholino modifications, 2′-O-methyl modifications, and phosphoramidate (see, e.g., Wagner, Nat. Med. (1995) 1:1116-8). Thus, at least one 2′-hydroxyl group of the nucleotides on a dsRNA is replaced by a chemical group, generally by a 2′-amino or a 2′-methyl group. Also, at least one nucleotide may be modified to form a locked nucleotide. Such locked nucleotide contains a methylene bridge that connects the 2′-oxygen of ribose with the 4′-carbon of ribose. Oligonucleotides containing the locked nucleotide are described in Koshkin, A. A., et al., Tetrahedron (1998), 54: 3607-3630) and Obika, S. et al., Tetrahedron Lett. (1998), 39: 5401-5404). Introduction of a locked nucleotide into an oligonucleotide improves the affinity for complementary sequences and increases the melting temperature by several degrees (Braasch, D. A. and D. R. Corey, Chem. Biol. (2001), 8:1-7).

Conjugating a ligand to a dsRNA can enhance its cellular absorption as well as targeting to a particular tissue or uptake by specific types of cells such as liver cells. In certain instances, a hydrophobic ligand is conjugated to the dsRNA to facilitate direct permeation of the cellular membrane and or uptake across the liver cells. Alternatively, the ligand conjugated to the dsRNA is a substrate for receptor-mediated endocytosis. These approaches have been used to facilitate cell permeation of antisense oligonucleotides as well as dsRNA agents. For example, cholesterol has been conjugated to various antisense oligonucleotides resulting in compounds that are substantially more active compared to their non-conjugated analogs. See M. Manoharan Antisense & Nucleic Acid Drug Development 2002, 12, 103. Other lipophilic compounds that have been conjugated to oligonucleotides include 1-pyrene butyric acid, 1,3-bis-O-(hexadecyl)glycerol, and menthol. One example of a ligand for receptor-mediated endocytosis is folic acid. Folic acid enters the cell by folate-receptor-mediated endocytosis. dsRNA compounds bearing folic acid would be efficiently transported into the cell via the folate-receptor-mediated endocytosis. Li and coworkers report that attachment of folic acid to the 3′-terminus of an oligonucleotide resulted in an 8-fold increase in cellular uptake of the oligonucleotide. Li, S.; Deshmukh, H. M.; Huang, L. Pharm. Res. 1998, 15, 1540. Other ligands that have been conjugated to oligonucleotides include polyethylene glycols, carbohydrate clusters, cross-linking agents, porphyrin conjugates, delivery peptides and lipids such as cholesterol.

In certain instances, conjugation of a cationic ligand to oligonucleotides results in improved resistance to nucleases. Representative examples of cationic ligands are propylammonium and dimethylpropylammonium. Interestingly, antisense oligonucleotides were reported to retain their high binding affinity to mRNA when the cationic ligand was dispersed throughout the oligonucleotide. See M. Manoharan Antisense & Nucleic Acid Drug Development 2002, 12, 103 and references therein.

The ligand-conjugated dsRNA of the invention may be synthesized by the use of a dsRNA that bears a pendant reactive functionality, such as that derived from the attachment of a linking molecule onto the dsRNA. This reactive oligonucleotide may be reacted directly with commercially-available ligands, ligands that are synthesized bearing any of a variety of protecting groups, or ligands that have a linking moiety attached thereto. The methods of the invention facilitate the synthesis of ligand-conjugated dsRNA by the use of, in some preferred embodiments, nucleoside monomers that have been appropriately conjugated with ligands and that may further be attached to a solid-support material. Such ligand-nucleoside conjugates, optionally attached to a solid-support material, are prepared according to some preferred embodiments of the methods of the invention via reaction of a selected serum-binding ligand with a linking moiety located on the 5′ position of a nucleoside or oligonucleotide. In certain instances, an dsRNA bearing an aralkyl ligand attached to the 3′-terminus of the dsRNA is prepared by first covalently attaching a monomer building block to a controlled-pore-glass support via a long-chain aminoalkyl group. Then, nucleotides are bonded via standard solid-phase synthesis techniques to the monomer building-block bound to the solid support. The monomer building block may be a nucleoside or other organic compound that is compatible with solid-phase synthesis.

The dsRNA used in the conjugates of the invention may be conveniently and routinely made through the well-known technique of solid-phase synthesis. Equipment for such synthesis is sold by several vendors including, for example, Applied Biosystems (Foster City, Calif.). Any other means for such synthesis known in the art may additionally or alternatively be employed. It is also known to use similar techniques to prepare other oligonucleotides, such as the phosphorothioates and alkylated derivatives.

Teachings regarding the synthesis of particular modified oligonucleotides may be found in the following U.S. patents: U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,138,045 and 5,218,105, drawn to polyamine conjugated oligonucleotides; U.S. Pat. No. 5,212,295, drawn to monomers for the preparation of oligonucleotides having chiral phosphorus linkages; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,378,825 and 5,541,307, drawn to oligonucleotides having modified backbones; U.S. Pat. No. 5,386,023, drawn to backbone-modified oligonucleotides and the preparation thereof through reductive coupling; U.S. Pat. No. 5,457,191, drawn to modified nucleobases based on the 3-deazapurine ring system and methods of synthesis thereof; U.S. Pat. No. 5,459,255, drawn to modified nucleobases based on N-2 substituted purines; U.S. Pat. No. 5,521,302, drawn to processes for preparing oligonucleotides having chiral phosphorus linkages; U.S. Pat. No. 5,539,082, drawn to peptide nucleic acids; U.S. Pat. No. 5,554,746, drawn to oligonucleotides having β-lactam backbones; U.S. Pat. No. 5,571,902, drawn to methods and materials for the synthesis of oligonucleotides; U.S. Pat. No. 5,578,718, drawn to nucleosides having alkylthio groups, wherein such groups may be used as linkers to other moieties attached at any of a variety of positions of the nucleoside; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,587,361 and 5,599,797, drawn to oligonucleotides having phosphorothioate linkages of high chiral purity; U.S. Pat. No. 5,506,351, drawn to processes for the preparation of 2′-O-alkyl guanosine and related compounds, including 2,6-diaminopurine compounds; U.S. Pat. No. 5,587,469, drawn to oligonucleotides having N-2 substituted purines; U.S. Pat. No. 5,587,470, drawn to oligonucleotides having 3-deazapurines; U.S. Pat. No. 5,223,168, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,608,046, both drawn to conjugated 4′-desmethyl nucleoside analogs; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,602,240, and 5,610,289, drawn to backbone-modified oligonucleotide analogs; U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,262,241, and 5,459,255, drawn to, inter alia, methods of synthesizing 2′-fluoro-oligonucleotides.

In the ligand-conjugated dsRNA and ligand-molecule bearing sequence-specific linked nucleosides of the invention, the oligonucleotides and oligonucleosides may be assembled on a suitable DNA synthesizer utilizing standard nucleotide or nucleoside precursors, or nucleotide or nucleoside conjugate precursors that already bear the linking moiety, ligand-nucleotide or nucleoside-conjugate precursors that already bear the ligand molecule, or non-nucleoside ligand-bearing building blocks.

When using nucleotide-conjugate precursors that already bear a linking moiety, the synthesis of the sequence-specific linked nucleosides is typically completed, and the ligand molecule is then reacted with the linking moiety to form the ligand-conjugated oligonucleotide. Oligonucleotide conjugates bearing a variety of molecules such as steroids, vitamins, lipids and reporter molecules, has previously been described (see Manoharan et al., PCT Application WO 93/07883). In a preferred embodiment, the oligonucleotides or linked nucleosides of the invention are synthesized by an automated synthesizer using phosphoramidites derived from ligand-nucleoside conjugates in addition to the standard phosphoramidites and non-standard phosphoramidites that are commercially available and routinely used in oligonucleotide synthesis.

The incorporation of a 2′-O-methyl, 2′-O-ethyl, 2′-O-propyl, 2′-O-allyl, 2′-O-aminoalkyl or 2′-deoxy-2′-fluoro group in nucleosides of an oligonucleotide confers enhanced hybridization properties to the oligonucleotide. Further, oligonucleotides containing phosphorothioate backbones have enhanced nuclease stability. Thus, functionalized, linked nucleosides of the invention can be augmented to include either or both a phosphorothioate backbone or a 2′-O-methyl, 2′-O-ethyl, 2′-O-propyl, 2′-O-aminoalkyl, 2′-O-allyl or 2′-deoxy-2′-fluoro group. A summary listing of some of the oligonucleotide modifications known in the art is found at, for example, PCT Publication WO 200370918.

In some embodiments, functionalized nucleoside sequences of the invention possessing an amino group at the 5′-terminus are prepared using a DNA synthesizer, and then reacted with an active ester derivative of a selected ligand. Active ester derivatives are well known to those skilled in the art. Representative active esters include N-hydrosuccinimide esters, tetrafluorophenolic esters, pentafluorophenolic esters and pentachlorophenolic esters. The reaction of the amino group and the active ester produces an oligonucleotide in which the selected ligand is attached to the 5′-position through a linking group. The amino group at the 5′-terminus can be prepared utilizing a 5′-Amino-Modifier C6 reagent. In one embodiment, ligand molecules may be conjugated to oligonucleotides at the 5′-position by the use of a ligand-nucleoside phosphoramidite wherein the ligand is linked to the 5′-hydroxy group directly or indirectly via a linker. Such ligand-nucleoside phosphoramidites are typically used at the end of an automated synthesis procedure to provide a ligand-conjugated oligonucleotide bearing the ligand at the 5′-terminus.

Examples of modified internucleoside linkages or backbones include, for example, phosphorothioates, chiral phosphorothioates, phosphorodithioates, phosphotriesters, aminoalkylphosphotriesters, methyl and other alkyl phosphonates including 3′-alkylene phosphonates and chiral phosphonates, phosphinates, phosphoramidates including 3′-amino phosphoramidate and aminoalkylphosphoramidates, thionophosphoramidates, thionoalkylphosphonates, thionoalkylphosphotriesters, and boranophosphates having normal 3′-5′ linkages, 2′-5′ linked analogs of these, and those having inverted polarity wherein the adjacent pairs of nucleoside units are linked 3′-5′ to 5′-3′ or 2′-5′ to 5′-2′. Various salts, mixed salts and free-acid forms are also included.

Representative United States patent relating to the preparation of the above phosphorus-atom-containing linkages include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,687,808; 4,469,863; 4,476,301; 5,023,243; 5,177,196; 5,188,897; 5,264,423; 5,276,019; 5,278,302; 5,286,717; 5,321,131; 5,399,676; 5,405,939; 5,453,496; 5,455,233; 5,466,677; 5,476,925; 5,519,126; 5,536,821; 5,541,306; 5,550,111; 5,563,253; 5,571,799; 5,587,361; 5,625,050; and 5,697,248, each of which is herein incorporated by reference.

Examples of modified internucleoside linkages or backbones that do not include a phosphorus atom therein (i.e., oligonucleosides) have backbones that are formed by short chain alkyl or cycloalkyl intersugar linkages, mixed heteroatom and alkyl or cycloalkyl intersugar linkages, or one or more short chain heteroatomic or heterocyclic intersugar linkages. These include those having morpholino linkages (formed in part from the sugar portion of a nucleoside); siloxane backbones; sulfide, sulfoxide and sulfone backbones; formacetyl and thioformacetyl backbones; methylene formacetyl and thioformacetyl backbones; alkene containing backbones; sulfamate backbones; methyleneimino and methylenehydrazino backbones; sulfonate and sulfonamide backbones; amide backbones; and others having mixed N, O, S and CH₂ component parts.

Representative United States patents relating to the preparation of the above oligonucleosides include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,034,506; 5,166,315; 5,185,444; 5,214,134; 5,216,141; 5,235,033; 5,264,562; 5,264,564; 5,405,938; 5,434,257; 5,466,677; 5,470,967; 5,489,677; 5,541,307; 5,561,225; 5,596,086; 5,602,240; 5,610,289; 5,602,240; 5,608,046; 5,610,289; 5,618,704; 5,623,070; 5,663,312; 5,633,360; 5,677,437; and 5,677,439, each of which is herein incorporated by reference.

In certain instances, the oligonucleotide may be modified by a non-ligand group. A number of non-ligand molecules have been conjugated to oligonucleotides in order to enhance the activity, cellular distribution or cellular uptake of the oligonucleotide, and procedures for performing such conjugations are available in the scientific literature. Such non-ligand moieties have included lipid moieties, such as cholesterol (Letsinger et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1989, 86:6553), cholic acid (Manoharan et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 1994, 4:1053), a thioether, e.g., hexyl-S-tritylthiol (Manoharan et al., Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 1992, 660:306; Manoharan et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Let., 1993, 3:2765), a thiocholesterol (Oberhauser et al., Nucl. Acids Res., 1992, 20:533), an aliphatic chain, e.g., dodecandiol or undecyl residues (Saison-Behmoaras et al., EMBO J., 1991, 10:111; Kabanov et al., FEBS Lett., 1990, 259:327; Svinarchuk et al., Biochimie, 1993, 75:49), a phospholipid, e.g., di-hexadecyl-rac-glycerol or triethylammonium 1,2-di-O-hexadecyl-rac-glycero-3-H-phosphonate (Manoharan et al., Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36:3651; Shea et al., Nucl. Acids Res., 1990, 18:3777), a polyamine or a polyethylene glycol chain (Manoharan et al., Nucleosides & Nucleotides, 1995, 14:969), or adamantane acetic acid (Manoharan et al., Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36:3651), a palmityl moiety (Mishra et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1995, 1264:229), or an octadecylamine or hexylamino-carbonyl-oxycholesterol moiety (Crooke et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 1996, 277:923). Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of such oligonucleotide conjugates have been listed above. Typical conjugation protocols involve the synthesis of oligonucleotides bearing an aminolinker at one or more positions of the sequence. The amino group is then reacted with the molecule being conjugated using appropriate coupling or activating reagents. The conjugation reaction may be performed either with the oligonucleotide still bound to the solid support or following cleavage of the oligonucleotide in solution phase. Purification of the oligonucleotide conjugate by HPLC typically affords the pure conjugate. The use of a cholesterol conjugate is particularly preferred since such a moiety can increase targeting liver cells cells, a site of HAMP expression.

Vector Encoded RNAi Agents

The dsRNA of the invention can also be expressed from recombinant viral vectors intracellularly in vivo. The recombinant viral vectors of the invention comprise sequences encoding the dsRNA of the invention and any suitable promoter for expressing the dsRNA sequences. Suitable promoters include, for example, the U6 or H1 RNA pol III promoter sequences and the cytomegalovirus promoter. Selection of other suitable promoters is within the skill in the art. The recombinant viral vectors of the invention can also comprise inducible or regulatable promoters for expression of the dsRNA in a particular tissue or in a particular intracellular environment. The use of recombinant viral vectors to deliver dsRNA of the invention to cells in vivo is discussed in more detail below.

dsRNA of the invention can be expressed from a recombinant viral vector either as two separate, complementary RNA molecules, or as a single RNA molecule with two complementary regions.

Any viral vector capable of accepting the coding sequences for the dsRNA molecule(s) to be expressed can be used, for example vectors derived from adenovirus (AV); adeno-associated virus (AAV); retroviruses (e.g, lentiviruses (LV), Rhabdoviruses, murine leukemia virus); herpes virus, and the like. The tropism of viral vectors can be modified by pseudotyping the vectors with envelope proteins or other surface antigens from other viruses, or by substituting different viral capsid proteins, as appropriate.

For example, lentiviral vectors of the invention can be pseudotyped with surface proteins from vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), rabies, Ebola, Mokola, and the like. AAV vectors of the invention can be made to target different cells by engineering the vectors to express different capsid protein serotypes. For example, an AAV vector expressing a serotype 2 capsid on a serotype 2 genome is called AAV 2/2. This serotype 2 capsid gene in the AAV 2/2 vector can be replaced by a serotype 5 capsid gene to produce an AAV 2/5 vector. Techniques for constructing AAV vectors which express different capsid protein serotypes are within the skill in the art; see, e.g., Rabinowitz J E et al. (2002), J Virol 76:791-801, the entire disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference.

Selection of recombinant viral vectors suitable for use in the invention, methods for inserting nucleic acid sequences for expressing the dsRNA into the vector, and methods of delivering the viral vector to the cells of interest are within the skill in the art. See, for example, Dornburg R (1995), Gene Therap. 2: 301-310; Eglitis M A (1988), Biotechniques 6: 608-614; Miller A D (1990), Hum Gene Therap. 1: 5-14; Anderson W F (1998), Nature 392: 25-30; and Rubinson D A et al., Nat. Genet. 33: 401-406, the entire disclosures of which are herein incorporated by reference.

Preferred viral vectors are those derived from AV and AAV. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the dsRNA of the invention is expressed as two separate, complementary single-stranded RNA molecules from a recombinant AAV vector comprising, for example, either the U6 or H1 RNA promoters, or the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter.

A suitable AV vector for expressing the dsRNA of the invention, a method for constructing the recombinant AV vector, and a method for delivering the vector into target cells, are described in Xia H et al. (2002), Nat. Biotech. 20: 1006-1010.

Suitable AAV vectors for expressing the dsRNA of the invention, methods for constructing the recombinant AV vector, and methods for delivering the vectors into target cells are described in Samulski R et al. (1987), J. Virol. 61: 3096-3101; Fisher K J et al. (1996), J. Virol, 70: 520-532; Samulski R et al. (1989), J. Virol. 63: 3822-3826; U.S. Pat. No. 5,252,479; U.S. Pat. No. 5,139,941; International Patent Application No. WO 94/13788; and International Patent Application No. WO 93/24641, the entire disclosures of which are herein incorporated by reference.

III. PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITIONS COMPRISING DSRNA

In one embodiment, the invention provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising a dsRNA, as described herein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The pharmaceutical composition comprising the dsRNA is useful for treating a disease or disorder associated with the expression or activity of the HAMP gene, such as pathological processes which can be mediated by down regulating HAMP gene expression, such as anemia and other diseases associated with lowered iron levels. Such pharmaceutical compositions are formulated based on the mode of delivery. One example is compositions that are formulated for delivery to the liver via parenteral delivery.

The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention are administered in dosages sufficient to inhibit expression of the HAMP gene. The present inventors have found that, because of their improved efficiency, compositions comprising the dsRNA of the invention can be administered at surprisingly low dosages. A dosage of 5 mg dsRNA per kilogram body weight of recipient per day is sufficient to inhibit or suppress expression of the HAMP gene and may be administered systemically to the patient.

In general, a suitable dose of dsRNA will be in the range of 0.01 to 5.0 milligrams per kilogram body weight of the recipient per day, generally in the range of 1 microgram to 1 mg per kilogram body weight per day. The pharmaceutical composition may be administered once daily, or the dsRNA may be administered as two, three, or more sub-doses at appropriate intervals throughout the day or even using continuous infusion or delivery through a controlled release formulation. In that case, the dsRNA contained in each sub-dose must be correspondingly smaller in order to achieve the total daily dosage. The dosage unit can also be compounded for delivery over several days, e.g., using a conventional sustained release formulation which provides sustained release of the dsRNA over a several day period. Sustained release formulations are well known in the art.

The skilled artisan will appreciate that certain factors may influence the dosage and timing required to effectively treat a subject, including but not limited to the severity of the disease or disorder, previous treatments, the general health and/or age of the subject, and other diseases present. Moreover, treatment of a subject with a therapeutically effective amount of a composition can include a single treatment or a series of treatments. Estimates of effective dosages and in vivo half-lives for the individual dsRNAs encompassed by the invention can be made using conventional methodologies or on the basis of in vivo testing using an appropriate animal model, as described elsewhere herein.

Advances in mouse genetics have generated a number of mouse models for the study of various human diseases, such as pathological processes which can be mediated by down regulating HAMP gene expression. Such models are used for in vivo testing of dsRNA, as well as for determining a therapeutically effective dose.

Any method can be used to administer a dsRNA of the present invention to a mammal. For example, administration can be direct; oral; or parenteral (e.g., by subcutaneous, intraventricular, intramuscular, or intraperitoneal injection, or by intravenous drip). Administration can be rapid (e.g., by injection), or can occur over a period of time (e.g., by slow infusion or administration of slow release formulations).

Typically, when treating a mammal with anemia and other diseases associated with lowered iron levels, the dsRNA molecules are administered systemically via parental means. For example, dsRNAs, conjugated or unconjugate or formulated with or without liposomes, can be administered intravenously to a patient. For such, a dsRNA molecule can be formulated into compositions such as sterile and non-sterile aqueous solutions, non-aqueous solutions in common solvents such as alcohols, or solutions in liquid or solid oil bases. Such solutions also can contain buffers, diluents, and other suitable additives. For parenteral, intrathecal, or intraventricular administration, a dsRNA molecule can be formulated into compositions such as sterile aqueous solutions, which also can contain buffers, diluents, and other suitable additives (e.g., penetration enhancers, carrier compounds, and other pharmaceutically acceptable carriers).

In addition, dsRNA molecules can be administered to a mammal as biologic or abiologic means as described in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,271,359. Abiologic delivery can be accomplished by a variety of methods including, without limitation, (1) loading liposomes with a dsRNA acid molecule provided herein and (2) complexing a dsRNA molecule with lipids or liposomes to form nucleic acid-lipid or nucleic acid-liposome complexes. The liposome can be composed of cationic and neutral lipids commonly used to transfect cells in vitro. Cationic lipids can complex (e.g., charge-associate) with negatively charged nucleic acids to form liposomes. Examples of cationic liposomes include, without limitation, lipofectin, lipofectamine, lipofectace, and DOTAP. Procedures for forming liposomes are well known in the art. Liposome compositions can be formed, for example, from phosphatidylcholine, dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine, dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine, dimyristoyl phosphatidylglycerol, or dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine. Numerous lipophilic agents are commercially available, including Lipofectin® (Invitrogen/Life Technologies, Carlsbad, Calif.) and Effectene™ (Qiagen, Valencia, Calif.). In addition, systemic delivery methods can be optimized using commercially available cationic lipids such as DDAB or DOTAP, each of which can be mixed with a neutral lipid such as DOPE or cholesterol. In some cases, liposomes such as those described by Templeton et al. (Nature Biotechnology, 15: 647-652 (1997)) can be used. In other embodiments, polycations such as polyethyleneimine can be used to achieve delivery in vivo and ex vivo (Boletta et al., J. Am Soc. Nephrol. 7: 1728 (1996)). Additional information regarding the use of liposomes to deliver nucleic acids can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 6,271,359, PCT Publication WO 96/40964 and Morrissey, D. et al. 2005. Nat Biotechnol. 23(8):1002-7.

Biologic delivery can be accomplished by a variety of methods including, without limitation, the use of viral vectors. For example, viral vectors (e.g., adenovirus and herpesvirus vectors) can be used to deliver dsRNA molecules to liver cells. Standard molecular biology techniques can be used to introduce one or more of the dsRNAs provided herein into one of the many different viral vectors previously developed to deliver nucleic acid to cells. These resulting viral vectors can be used to deliver the one or more dsRNAs to cells by, for example, infection.

dsRNAs of the present invention can be formulated in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent. A “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” (also referred to herein as an “excipient”) is a pharmaceutically acceptable solvent, suspending agent, or any other pharmacologically inert vehicle. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers can be liquid or solid, and can be selected with the planned manner of administration in mind so as to provide for the desired bulk, consistency, and other pertinent transport and chemical properties. Typical pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include, by way of example and not limitation: water; saline solution; binding agents (e.g., polyvinylpyrrolidone or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose); fillers (e.g., lactose and other sugars, gelatin, or calcium sulfate); lubricants (e.g., starch, polyethylene glycol, or sodium acetate); disintegrates (e.g., starch or sodium starch glycolate); and wetting agents (e.g., sodium lauryl sulfate).

In addition, dsRNA that target the HAMP gene can be formulated into compositions containing the dsRNA admixed, encapsulated, conjugated, or otherwise associated with other molecules, molecular structures, or mixtures of nucleic acids. For example, a composition containing one or more dsRNA agents that target the HAMP gene can contain other therapeutic agents such as other lipid lowering agents (e.g., statins).

Methods for Treating Diseases that can be Modulated by Down Regulating the Expression of HAMP

The methods and compositions described herein can be used to treat diseases and conditions that can be modulated by down regulating HAMP gene expression. For example, the compositions described herein can be used to treat anemia and other diseases associated with lowered iron levels.

Methods for Inhibiting Expression of the HAMP Gene

In yet another aspect, the invention provides a method for inhibiting the expression of the HAMP gene in a mammal. The method comprises administering a composition of the invention to the mammal such that expression of the target HAMP gene is silenced. Because of their high specificity, the dsRNAs of the invention specifically target RNAs (primary or processed) of the target HAMP gene. Compositions and methods for inhibiting the expression of these HAMP genes using dsRNAs can be performed as described elsewhere herein.

In one embodiment, the method comprises administering a composition comprising a dsRNA, wherein the dsRNA comprises a nucleotide sequence which is complementary to at least a part of an RNA transcript of the HAMP gene of the mammal to be treated. When the organism to be treated is a mammal such as a human, the composition may be administered by any means known in the art including, but not limited to oral or parenteral routes, including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, transdermal, airway (aerosol) administration. In preferred embodiments, the compositions are administered by intravenous infusion or injection.

Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the invention, suitable methods and materials are described below. All publications, patent applications, patents, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control. In addition, the materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting.

Examples

Gene Walking of the HAMP Gene

Design and in silico selection of siRNAs targeting human hepcidin

siRNAs targeting either human or mouse hepcidin antimicrobial peptide (also referred to as hepcidin, official symbol: hamp, Genbank accession NM_021175.2 (human) and NM_032541.1 (mouse) were selected according to following criteria:

a) predicted highest specificity in human or mouse

-   -   Or

b) cross-reactivity to cynomolgous monkey (macaca fascicularis), rhesus monkey (macaca mulatta) and chimpanzee (pan troglodytes) and predicted highest specificity of siRNA antisense strand in human

siRNAs with stretches of >=4 Gs in a row were excluded from the selection.

Specificity was predicted by fastA homology search algorithm and proprietary scripts and was defined as given, if every mRNA in the human RefSeq database (release 17, dowloaded on May 9, 2006) except for hepcidin had either

-   -   a) at least 2 mismatches to the siRNA sense and antisense         sequence positions 10 to 18 (non-seed regions), with at least 1         mismatch in position 10 or 11 (cleavage site region) of the         respective strand if only 2 mismatches were present, or     -   b) at least 1 mismatch to the siRNA sense and antisense sequence         positions 2 to 9 (seed region)

Primate sequences were assembled from genomic sequences (available on Jun. 8, 2006 at QFBase, Baylor College of Medicine and NCBI) previous to the selection in order to obtain information on conserved regions with human hepcidin, which were defined as candidate target regions for the set of cross-reactive siRNAs.

Table 1 provides an identification of siRNAs designed to selectively target the human hepcidin gene (with cross reactivity to orthologous hepcidin genes as described above).

Table 2 provides an identification of siRNAs designed to target the mouse hepcidin gene.

dsRNA Synthesis

Source of Reagents

Where the source of a reagent is not specifically given herein, such reagent may be obtained from any supplier of reagents for molecular biology at a quality/purity standard for application in molecular biology.

siRNA Synthesis

Single-stranded RNAs were produced by solid phase synthesis on a scale of 1 μmole using an Expedite 8909 synthesizer (Applied Biosystems, Applera Deutschland GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany) and controlled pore glass (CPG, 500 Å, Proligo Biochemie GmbH, Hamburg, Germany) as solid support. RNA and RNA containing 2′-O-methyl nucleotides were generated by solid phase synthesis employing the corresponding phosphoramidites and 2′-O-methyl phosphoramidites, respectively (Proligo Biochemie GmbH, Hamburg, Germany). These building blocks were incorporated at selected sites within the sequence of the oligoribonucleotide chain using standard nucleoside phosphoramidite chemistry such as described in Current protocols in nucleic acid chemistry, Beaucage, S. L. et al. (Edrs.), John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y., USA. Phosphorothioate linkages were introduced by replacement of the iodine oxidizer solution with a solution of the Beaucage reagent (Chruachem Ltd, Glasgow, UK) in acetonitrile (1%). Further ancillary reagents were obtained from Mallinckrodt Baker (Griesheim, Germany).

Deprotection and purification of the crude oligoribonucleotides by anion exchange HPLC were carried out according to established procedures. Yields and concentrations were determined by UV absorption of a solution of the respective RNA at a wavelength of 260 nm using a spectral photometer (DU 640B, Beckman Coulter GmbH, Unterschleiβheim, Germany). Double stranded RNA was generated by mixing an equimolar solution of complementary strands in annealing buffer (20 mM sodium phosphate, pH 6.8; 100 mM sodium chloride), heated in a water bath at 85-90° C. for 3 minutes and cooled to room temperature over a period of 3-4 hours. The annealed RNA solution was stored at −20° C. until use.

dsRNA Expression Vectors

In another aspect of the invention, HAMP specific dsRNA molecules that modulate HAMP gene expression activity are expressed from transcription units inserted into DNA or RNA vectors (see, e.g., Couture, A, et al., TIG. (1996), 12:5-10; Skillern, A., et al., International PCT Publication No. WO 00/22113, Conrad, International PCT Publication No. WO 00/22114, and Conrad, U.S. Pat. No. 6,054,299). These transgenes can be introduced as a linear construct, a circular plasmid, or a viral vector, which can be incorporated and inherited as a transgene integrated into the host genome. The transgene can also be constructed to permit it to be inherited as an extrachromosomal plasmid (Gassmann, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1995) 92:1292).

The individual strands of a dsRNA can be transcribed by promoters on two separate expression vectors and co-transfected into a target cell. Alternatively each individual strand of the dsRNA can be transcribed by promoters both of which are located on the same expression plasmid. In a preferred embodiment, a dsRNA is expressed as an inverted repeat joined by a linker polynucleotide sequence such that the dsRNA has a stem and loop structure.

The recombinant dsRNA expression vectors are generally DNA plasmids or viral vectors. dsRNA expressing viral vectors can be constructed based on, but not limited to, adeno-associated virus (for a review, see Muzyczka, et al., Curr. Topics Micro. Immunol. (1992) 158:97-129)); adenovirus (see, for example, Berkner, et al., BioTechniques (1998) 6:616), Rosenfeld et al. (1991, Science 252:431-434), and Rosenfeld et al. (1992), Cell 68:143-155)); or alphavirus as well as others known in the art. Retroviruses have been used to introduce a variety of genes into many different cell types, including epithelial cells, in vitro and/or in vivo (see, e.g., Eglitis, et al., Science (1985) 230:1395-1398; Danos and Mulligan, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1998) 85:6460-6464; Wilson et al., 1988, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:3014-3018; Armentano et al., 1990, Proc. NatI. Acad. Sci. USA 87:61416145; Huber et al., 1991, Proc. NatI. Acad. Sci. USA 88:8039-8043; Ferry et al., 1991, Proc. NatI. Acad. Sci. USA 88:8377-8381; Chowdhury et al., 1991, Science 254:1802-1805; van Beusechem. et al., 1992, Proc. Nad. Acad. Sci. USA 89:7640-19; Kay et al., 1992, Human Gene Therapy 3:641-647; Dai et al., 1992, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:10892-10895; Hwu et al., 1993, J. Immunol. 150:4104-4115; U.S. Pat. No. 4,868,116; U.S. Pat. No. 4,980,286; PCT Application WO 89/07136; PCT Application WO 89/02468; PCT Application WO 89/05345; and PCT Application WO 92/07573). Recombinant retroviral vectors capable of transducing and expressing genes inserted into the genome of a cell can be produced by transfecting the recombinant retroviral genome into suitable packaging cell lines such as PA317 and Psi-CRIP (Comette et al., 1991, Human Gene Therapy 2:5-10; Cone et al., 1984, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:6349). Recombinant adenoviral vectors can be used to infect a wide variety of cells and tissues in susceptible hosts (e.g., rat, hamster, dog, and chimpanzee) (Hsu et al., 1992, J. Infectious Disease, 166:769), and also have the advantage of not requiring mitotically active cells for infection.

The promoter driving dsRNA expression in either a DNA plasmid or viral vector of the invention may be a eukaryotic RNA polymerase I (e.g. ribosomal RNA promoter), RNA polymerase II (e.g. CMV early promoter or actin promoter or U1 snRNA promoter) or generally RNA polymerase III promoter (e.g. U6 snRNA or 7SK RNA promoter) or a prokaryotic promoter, for example the T7 promoter, provided the expression plasmid also encodes T7 RNA polymerase required for transcription from a T7 promoter. The promoter can also direct transgene expression to the pancreas (see, e.g. the insulin regulatory sequence for pancreas (Bucchini et al., 1986, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:2511-2515)).

In addition, expression of the transgene can be precisely regulated, for example, by using an inducible regulatory sequence and expression systems such as a regulatory sequence that is sensitive to certain physiological regulators, e.g., circulating glucose levels, or hormones (Docherty et al., 1994, FASEB J. 8:20-24). Such inducible expression systems, suitable for the control of transgene expression in cells or in mammals include regulation by ecdysone, by estrogen, progesterone, tetracycline, chemical inducers of dimerization, and isopropyl-beta-D1-thiogalactopyranoside (EPTG). A person skilled in the art would be able to choose the appropriate regulatory/promoter sequence based on the intended use of the dsRNA transgene.

Generally, recombinant vectors capable of expressing dsRNA molecules are delivered as described below, and persist in target cells. Alternatively, viral vectors can be used that provide for transient expression of dsRNA molecules. Such vectors can be repeatedly administered as necessary. Once expressed, the dsRNAs bind to target RNA and modulate its function or expression. Delivery of dsRNA expressing vectors can be systemic, such as by intravenous or intramuscular administration, by administration to target cells ex-planted from the patient followed by reintroduction into the patient, or by any other means that allows for introduction into a desired target cell.

dsRNA expression DNA plasmids are typically transfected into target cells as a complex with cationic lipid carriers (e.g. Oligofectamine) or non-cationic lipid-based carriers (e.g. Transit-TKO™). Multiple lipid transfections for dsRNA-mediated knockdowns targeting different regions of a single HAMP gene or multiple HAMP genes over a period of a week or more are also contemplated by the invention. Successful introduction of the vectors of the invention into host cells can be monitored using various known methods. For example, transient transfection. can be signaled with a reporter, such as a fluorescent marker, such as Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP). Stable transfection. of ex vivo cells can be ensured using markers that provide the transfected cell with resistance to specific environmental factors (e.g., antibiotics and drugs), such as hygromycin B resistance.

The HAMP specific dsRNA molecules can also be inserted into vectors and used as gene therapy vectors for human patients. Gene therapy vectors can be delivered to a subject by, for example, intravenous injection, local administration (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,328,470) or by stereotactic injection (see e.g., Chen et al. (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:3054-3057). The pharmaceutical preparation of the gene therapy vector can include the gene therapy vector in an acceptable diluent, or can comprise a slow release matrix in which the gene delivery vehicle is imbedded. Alternatively, where the complete gene delivery vector can be produced intact from recombinant cells, e.g., retroviral vectors, the pharmaceutical preparation can include one or more cells which produce the gene delivery system.

Those skilled in the art are familiar with methods and compositions in addition to those specifically set out in the instant disclosure which will allow them to practice this invention to the full scope of the claims hereinafter appended.

HAMP siRNA Screening COS-7 Cells

Cloning:

The cDNA sequences for human hepcidin and murine hepcidin-1 cDNA were synthesized thereby introducing a 5′-XhoI- and a 3′-NotI site and subcloned into pGA4 (Geneart AG, Regensburg, Germany). Human and mouse hepcidin were subcloned via the introduced XhoI- and NotI-sites into the multiple cloning site of the psiCheck-2 vector (Promega, Mannheim, Germany), which is located downstream of the Renilla translational stop codon. Correct subcloning was assured by sequencing (GATC Biotech, Konstanz, Germany).

Transfections:

Directly before plasmid transfection, Cos-7 cells (DSMZ, Braunschweig, Germany) were seeded at 1.5×10⁴ cells/well on 96-well plates (Greiner Bio-One GmbH, Frickenhausen, Germany) in 75 μl of growth medium (Dulbecco's MEM, 10% fetal calf serum, 2 mM L-glutamine, 1.2 μg/ml sodium bicarbonate, 100 u penicillin/100 μg/ml streptomycin, all from Biochrom AG, Berlin, Germany). 50 ng of plasmid/well were transfected with Lipofectamine2000 (Invitrogen) as described below for the siRNAs, with the plasmid diluted in Opti-MEM to a final volume of 12.5 μl/well, prepared as a mastermix for the whole plate.

4 h after the transfection of the plasmid, siRNA transfections were performed in quadruplicates. For each well 0.5 μl Lipofectamine2000 (Invitrogen GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany) were mixed with 12 μl Opti-MEM (Invitrogen) and incubated for 15 min at room temperature. For the siRNA concentration being 50 nM in the 100 μl transfection volume, 1 μl of a 5 μM siRNA were mixed with 10.5 μl Opti-MEM per well, combined with the Lipofectamine2000-Opti-MEM mixture and again incubated for 15 minutes at room temperature. During that incubation time, growth medium was removed from cells and replaced by 75 μl/well of fresh medium. siRNA-Lipofectamine2000-complexes were applied completely (25 μl each per well) to the cells and cells were incubated for 24 h at 37° C. and 5% CO₂ in a humidified incubator (Heraeus GmbH, Hanau, Germany).

Cells were harvested by lysis with the appropriate buffer from the Dual-Glo Luciferase assay (Promega GmbH, Mannheim, Germany) and the assay was performed according to the kit's protocol. Values obtained from the Renilla-luciferase measurement were normalized with the respective values acquired in the Firefly-luciferase measurement as a transfection and loading control. Values acquired with siRNAs directed against the Renilla-luciferase-hepcidin fusion mRNA were normalized to the value obtained with an unspecific siRNA (directed against the neomycin resistance gene) which was set to 100%.

Effective siRNAs from the screen were further characterized by dose response curves. Transfections of dose response curves were performed in 6-fold dilutions starting with 100 nM down to 10 fM. Mock (no siRNA) was set to 100% expression level. siRNAs were diluted with Opti-MEM to a final volume of 12.5 μl according to the above protocol. (FIGS. 3 and 4, Table 1)

As can be seen in FIGS. 3 and 4 (summarized in Table 1), many active dsRNAs to hepcidin are identified.

The above screening procedure was repeated using the murine hepcidin gene as the target and the siRNAs of Table 2.

Stabilizing Modifications and Activity

Active duplexes identified above were then remade using modified bases and linkages in order to improve stability of the duplex and protect it from exo and endoribonuclease degradation. Table 3 (and Table 2 for murine selective siRNAs) provides a listing of the duplexes made and the activities of these duplexes in the COS-7 assay described above. In Tables 2 and 3, a lower case “s” represents a phosphorothioate linkage and a lower case base, e.g. “u”, represents a 2′OMe modified base, e.g. 2′OMe-U.

Activity is provided from a 50 nM screen (duplicates) for human siRNA in Table 3 (Table 2 for murine) and shown in FIG. 5 (FIG. 6 for murine). Further, IC50 values were determined as described above for several of the most active agents. The results are provided in Table 3.

Activity of Murine Hepcidin siRNA In Vivo Experimental Methods

The efficacy of AD-10812 was determined in normal 10 week old 129 s6/svEvTac mice using AD-1955 targeting luciferase as a control. These siRNAs were formulated in liposome (LNP-1) as described below and administered through i.v. bolus at a dose of 10 mg/kg (n=8). Forty eight hours after injection, the liver and serum samples were harvested. The liver Hamp1 and Hamp2 mRNA levels were determined by qRT-PCR using Hamp1 and Hamp2 specific primers and serum iron levels were determined using Feroxcine (Randox Life Sciences) and Hitachi 717 instrument.

Formulation of siRNAs in Liposomal Particles

The lipidoid LNP-01.4HCl (MW 1487) (FIG. 7), Cholesterol (Sigma-Aldrich), and PEG-Ceramide C16 (Avanti Polar Lipids) were used to prepare lipid-siRNA nanoparticles. Stock solutions of each in ethanol were prepared: LNP-01, 133 mg/mL; Cholesterol, 25 mg/mL, PEG-Ceramide C16, 100 mg/mL. LNP-01, Cholesterol, and PEG-Ceramide C16 stock solutions were then combined in a 42:48:10 molar ratio. Combined lipid solution was mixed rapidly with aqueous siRNA (in sodium acetate pH 5) such that the final ethanol concentration was 35-45% and the final sodium acetate concentration was 100-300 mM. Lipid-siRNA nanoparticles formed spontaneously upon mixing. Depending on the desired particle size distribution, the resultant nanoparticle mixture was in some cases extruded through a polycarbonate membrane (100 nm cut-off) using a thermobarrel extruder (Lipex Extruder, Northern Lipids, Inc). In other cases, the extrusion step was omitted. Ethanol removal and simultaneous buffer exchange was accomplished by either dialysis or tangential flow filtration. Buffer was exchanged to phosphate buffered saline (PBS) pH 7.2.

Characterization of Formulations

Formulations prepared by either the standard or extrusion-free method are characterized in a similar manner. Formulations are first characterized by visual inspection. They should be whitish translucent solutions free from aggregates or sediment. Particle size and particle size distribution of lipid-nanoparticles are measured by dynamic light scattering using a Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS (Malvern, USA). Particles should be 20-300 nm, and ideally, 40-100 nm in size. The particle size distribution should be unimodal. The total siRNA concentration in the formulation, as well as the entrapped fraction, is estimated using a dye exclusion assay. A sample of the formulated siRNA is incubated with the RNA-binding dye Ribogreen (Molecular Probes) in the presence or absence of a formulation disrupting surfactant, 0.5% Triton-X100. The total siRNA in the formulation is determined by the signal from the sample containing the surfactant, relative to a standard curve. The entrapped fraction is determined by subtracting the “free” siRNA content (as measured by the signal in the absence of surfactant) from the total siRNA content. Percent entrapped siRNA is typically >85%.

Results

Approximately 70% reduction in Hamp1 mRNA levels and 64% increase in serum iron levels were achieved 48 h after administration of AD-10812 (FIG. 8: FIGS. 8A and 8B). AD-10812 did not reduce Hamp2 mRNA levels.

TABLE 1 hepcidin siRNAs, double overhang design, sense strand: dTsdT;  antisense strand: dTsdT position % in SEQ SEQ inhb duplex human Sense sequence ID Antisense sequence ID (50 IC50 name access. # (5′-3′) NO (5′-3′) NO nM) (nM) AD-9914 378-396 CCCAGAACAUAGGUCUUGGTsT  1 CCAAGACCUAUGUUCUGGGTsT 37 78 AD-9915 283-301 GCUGCUGUCAUCGAUCAAATsT  2 UUUGAUCGAUGACAGCAGCTsT 38 91 0.091 AD-9916 154-172 CACAACAGACGGGACAACUTsT  3 AGUUGUCCCGUCUGUUGUGTsT 39 65 AD-9917 56-74 CCAGACAGACGGCACGAUGTsT  4 CAUCGUGCCGUCUGUCUGGTsT 40 88 0.28 AD-9918 312-330 UGCUGCAAGACGUAGAACCTsT  5 GGUUCUACGUCUUGCAGCATsT 41 72 AD-9919 238-256 GAAGGAGGCGAGACACCCATsT  6 UGGGUGUCUCGCCUCCUUCTsT 42 84 0.2 AD-9920 315-333 UGCAAGACGUAGAACCUACTsT  7 GUAGGUUCUACGUCUUGCATsT 43 85 0.025 AD-9921 158-176 ACAGACGGGACAACUUGCATsT  8 UGCAAGUUGUCCCGUCUGUTsT 44 65 AD-9922 291-309 CAUCGAUCAAAGUGUGGGATsT  9 UCCCACACUUUGAUCGAUGTsT 45 90 0.019 AD-9923 57-75 CAGACAGACGGCACGAUGGTsT 10 CCAUCGUGCCGUCUGUCUGTsT 46 87 0.12 AD-9924 236-254 GCGAAGGAGGCGAGACACCTsT 11 GGUGUCUCGCCUCCUUCGCTsT 47 68 AD-9925 243-261 AGGCGAGACACCCACUUCCTsT 12 GGAAGUGGGUGUCUCGCCUTsT 48 82 0.18 AD-9926  4-22 UGUCACUCGGUCCCAGACATsT 13 UGUCUGGGACCGAGUGACATsT 49 60 AD-9927 317-335 CAAGACGUAGAACCUACCUTsT 14 AGGUAGGUUCUACGUCUUGTsT 50 74 AD-9928  6-24 UCACUCGGUCCCAGACACCTsT 15 GGUGUCUGGGACCGAGUGATsT 51  7 AD-9929 153-171 CCACAACAGACGGGACAACTsT 16 GUUGUCCCGUCUGUUGUGGTsT 52 68 AD-9930 156-174 CAACAGACGGGACAACUUGTsT 17 CAAGUUGUCCCGUCUGUUGTsT 53 60 AD-9931 318-336 AAGACGUAGAACCUACCUGTsT 18 CAGGUAGGUUCUACGUCUUTsT 54 69 AD-9932 225-243 AUGUUCCAGAGGCGAAGGATsT 19 UCCUUCGCCUCUGGAACAUTsT 55 77 AD-9933 223-241 CCAUGUUCCAGAGGCGAAGTsT 20 CUUCGCCUCUGGAACAUGGTsT 56 79 AD-9934 224-242 CAUGUUCCAGAGGCGAAGGTsT 21 CCUUCGCCUCUGGAACAUGTsT 57 51 AD-9935 314-332 CUGCAAGACGUAGAACCUATsT 22 UAGGUUCUACGUCUUGCAGTsT 58 89 0.11 AD-9936 321-339 ACGUAGAACCUACCUGCCCTsT 23 GGGCAGGUAGGUUCUACGUTsT 59 51 AD-9937 288-306 UGUCAUCGAUCAAAGUGUGTsT 24 CACACUUUGAUCGAUGACATsT 60 74 AD-9938 58-76 AGACAGACGGCACGAUGGCTsT 25 GCCAUCGUGCCGUCUGUCUTsT 61 71 AD-9939 133-151 UGACCAGUGGCUCUGUUUUTsT 26 AAAACAGAGCCACUGGUCATsT 62 58 AD-9940 65-83 CGGCACGAUGGCACUGAGCTsT 27 GCUCAGUGCCAUCGUGCCGTsT 63 84 0.13 AD-9941 285-303 UGCUGUCAUCGAUCAAAGUTsT 28 ACUUUGAUCGAUGACAGCATsT 64 88 0.061 AD-9942 382-400 GAACAUAGGUCUUGGAAUATsT 29 UAUUCCAAGACCUAUGUUCTsT 65 90 0.016 AD-9943 282-300 GGCUGCUGUCAUCGAUCAATsT 30 UUGAUCGAUGACAGCAGCCTsT 66 90 0.023 AD-9944 284-302 CUGCUGUCAUCGAUCAAAGTsT 31 CUUUGAUCGAUGACAGCAGTsT 67 91 0.023 AD-9945 280-298 GCGGCUGCUGUCAUCGAUCTsT 32 GAUCGAUGACAGCAGCCGCTsT 68 90 0.056 AD-9946 286-304 GCUGUCAUCGAUCAAAGUGTsT 33 CACUUUGAUCGAUGACAGCTsT 69 84 0.11 AD-9947 287-305 CUGUCAUCGAUCAAAGUGUTsT 34 ACACUUUGAUCGAUGACAGTsT 70 89 0.027 AD-9948 289-307 GUCAUCGAUCAAAGUGUGGTsT 35 CCACACUUUGAUCGAUGACTsT 71 88 0.072 AD-9949 155-173 ACAACAGACGGGACAACUUTsT 36 AAGUUGUCCCGUCUGUUGUTsT 72 62

TABLE 2 Mouse cross reactive siRNAs: sequences and activity in COS-7 cells Table 2A: Sequences position in mouse SEQ SEQ access. sense strand sequence ID antisense strand ID duplex # (5′-3′) NO sequence (5′-3′) NO name 171-189 CAGACAUUGCGAUACCAAUTsT  73 AUUGGUAUCGCAAUGUCUGTsT 145 AD-9890 171-189 cAGAcAuuGcGAuAccAAuTsT  74 AUUGGuAUCGcAAUGUCUGTsT 146 AD-10800 171-189 cAGAcAuuGcGAuAccAAuTsT  75 AuuGGuAUCGcAAuGUCuGTsT 147 AD-10824 172-190 AGACAUUGCGAUACCAAUGTsT  76 CAUUGGUAUCGCAAUGUCUTsT 148 AD-9891 172-190 AGAcAuuGcGAuAccAAuGTsT  77 cAUUGGuAUCGcAAUGUCUTsT 149 AD-10801 172-190 AGAcAuuGcGAuAccAAuGTsT  78 cAuuGGuAUCGcAAuGUCUTsT 150 AD-10825 170-188 GCAGACAUUGCGAUACCAATsT  79 UUGGUAUCGCAAUGUCUGCTsT 151 AD-9892 170-188 GcAGAcAuuGcGAuAccAATsT  80 UUGGuAUCGcAAUGUCUGCTsT 152 AD-10802 170-188 GcAGAcAuuGcGAuAccAATsT  81 uuGGuAUCGcAAuGUCuGCTsT 153 AD-10826 284-302 UAGCCUAGAGCCACAUCCUTsT  82 AGGAUGUGGCUCUAGGCUATsT 154 AD-9893 284-302 uAGccuAGAGccAcAuccuTsT  83 AGGAUGUGGCUCuAGGCuATsT 155 AD-10803 284-302 uAGccuAGAGccAcAuccuTsT  84 AGGAuGuGGCUCuAGGCuATsT 156 AD-10827 173-191 GACAUUGCGAUACCAAUGCTsT  85 GCAUUGGUAUCGCAAUGUCTsT 157 AD-9894 173-191 GAcAuuGcGAuAccAAuGcTsT  86 GcAUUGGuAUCGcAAUGUCTsT 158 AD-10804 173-191 GAcAuuGcGAuAccAAuGcTsT  87 GcAuuGGuAUCGcAAuGUCTsT 159 AD-10828 177-195 UUGCGAUACCAAUGCAGAATsT  88 UUCUGCAUUGGUAUCGCAATsT 160 AD-9895 177-195 uuGcGAuAccAAuGcAGAATsT  89 UUCUGcAUUGGuAUCGcAATsT 161 AD-10805 177-195 uuGcGAuAccAAuGcAGAATsT  90 uUCuGcAuuGGuAUCGcAATsT 162 AD-10829 178-196 UGCGAUACCAAUGCAGAAGTsT  91 CUUCUGCAUUGGUAUCGCATsT 163 AD-9896 178-196 uGcGAuAccAAuGcAGAAGTsT  92 CUUCUGcAUUGGuAUCGcATsT 164 AD-10806 178-196 uGcGAuAccAAuGcAGAAGTsT  93 CuUCuGcAuuGGuAUCGcATsT 165 AD-10830 100-118 CACCACCUAUCUCCAUCAATsT  94 UUGAUGGAGAUAGGUGGUGTsT 166 AD-9897 100-118 cAccAccuAucuccAucAATsT  95 UUGAUGGAGAuAGGUGGUGTsT 167 AD-10807 100-118 cAccAccuAucuccAucAATsT  96 uuGAuGGAGAuAGGuGGuGTsT 168 AD-10831 120-138 AGAUGAGACAGACUACAGATsT  97 UCUGUAGUCUGUCUCAUCUTsT 169 AD-9898 120-138 AGAuGAGAcAGAcuAcAGATsT  98 UCUGuAGUCUGUCUcAUCUTsT 170 AD-10808 120-138 AGAuGAGAcAGAcuAcAGATsT  99 UCuGuAGUCuGUCUcAUCUTsT 171 AD-10832 176-194 AUUGCGAUACCAAUGCAGATsT 100 UCUGCAUUGGUAUCGCAAUTsT 172 AD-9899 176-194 AuuGcGAuAccAAuGcAGATsT 101 UCUGcAUUGGuAUCGcAAUTsT 173 AD-10809 176-194 AuuGcGAuAccAAuGcAGATsT 102 UCuGcAuuGGuAUCGcAAUTsT 174 AD-10833 372-390 AAUAAAGACGAUUUUAUUUTsT 103 AAAUAAAAUCGUCUUUAUUTsT 175 AD-9900 372-390 AAuAAAGAcGAuuuuAuuuTsT 104 AAAuAAAAUCGUCUUuAUUTsT 176 AD-10810 372-390 AAuAAAGAcGAuuuuAuuuTsT 105 AAAuAAAAUCGUCuuuAuUTsT 177 AD-10834 169-187 GGCAGACAUUGCGAUACCATsT 106 UGGUAUCGCAAUGUCUGCCTsT 178 AD-9901 169-187 GGcAGAcAuuGcGAuAccATsT 107 UGGuAUCGcAAUGUCUGCCTsT 179 AD-10811 169-187 GGcAGAcAuuGcGAuAccATsT 108 uGGuAUCGcAAuGUCuGCCTsT 180 AD-10835 245-263 UGCUGUAACAAUUCCCAGUTsT 109 ACUGGGAAUUGUUACAGCATsT 181 AD-9902 245-263 uGcuGuAAcAAuucccAGuTsT 110 ACUGGGAAUUGUuAcAGcATsT 182 AD-10812 245-263 uGcuGuAAcAAuucccAGuTsT 111 ACuGGGAAuuGuuAcAGcATsT 183 AD-10836 231-249 UCUUCUGCUGUAAAUGCUGTsT 112 CAGCAUUUACAGCAGAAGATsT 184 AD-9903 231-249 ucuucuGcuGuAAAuGcuGTsT 113 cAGcAUUuAcAGcAGAAGATsT 185 AD-10813 231-249 ucuucuGcuGuAAAuGcuGTsT 114 cAGcAuuuAcAGcAGAAGATsT 186 AD-10837 60-78 CUGCCUGUCUCCUGCUUCUTsT 115 AGAAGCAGGAGACAGGCAGTsT 187 AD-9904 60-78 cuGccuGucuccuGcuucuTsT 116 AGAAGcAGGAGAcAGGcAGTsT 188 AD-10814 60-78 cuGccuGucuccuGcuucuTsT 117 AGAAGcAGGAGAcAGGcAGTsT 189 61-79 UGCCUGUCUCCUGCUUCUCTsT 118 GAGAAGCAGGAGACAGGCATsT 190 AD-9905 61-79 uGccuGucuccuGcuucucTsT 119 GAGAAGcAGGAGAcAGGcATsT 191 AD-10815 61-79 uGccuGucuccuGcuucucTsT 120 GAGAAGcAGGAGAcAGGcATsT 192 59-77 GCUGCCUGUCUCCUGCUUCTsT 121 GAAGCAGGAGACAGGCAGCTsT 193 AD-9906 59-77 GcuGccuGucuccuGcuucTsT 122 GAAGcAGGAGAcAGGcAGCTsT 194 AD-10816 59-77 GcuGccuGucuccuGcuucTsT 123 GAAGcAGGAGAcAGGcAGCTsT 195 62-80 GCCUGUCUCCUGCUUCUCCTsT 124 GGAGAAGCAGGAGACAGGCTsT 196 AD-9907 62-80 GccuGucuccuGcuucuccTsT 125 GGAGAAGcAGGAGAcAGGCTsT 197 AD-10817 62-80 GccuGucuccuGcuucuccTsT 126 GGAGAAGcAGGAGAcAGGCTsT 198 56-74 CAGGCUGCCUGUCUCCUGCTsT 127 GCAGGAGACAGGCAGCCUGTsT 199 AD-9908 56-74 cAGGcuGccuGucuccuGcTsT 128 GcAGGAGAcAGGcAGCCUGTsT 200 AD-10818 56-74 cAGGcuGccuGucuccuGcTsT 129 GcAGGAGAcAGGcAGCCuGTsT 201 AD-10838 232-250 CUUCUGCUGUAAAUGCUGUTsT 130 ACAGCAUUUACAGCAGAAGTsT 202 AD-9909 232-250 cuucuGcuGuAAAuGcuGuTsT 131 AcAGcAUUuAcAGcAGAAGTsT 203 AD-10819 232-250 cuucuGcuGuAAAuGcuGuTsT 132 AcAGcAuuuAcAGcAGAAGTsT 204 AD-10839 233-251 UUCUGCUGUAAAUGCUGUATsT 133 UACAGCAUUUACAGCAGAATsT 205 AD-9910 233-251 uucuGcuGuAAAuGcuGuATsT 134 uAcAGcAUUuAcAGcAGAATsT 206 AD-10820 233-251 uucuGcuGuAAAuGcuGuATsT 135 uAcAGcAuuuAcAGcAGAATsT 207 AD-10840 234-252 UCUGCUGUAAAUGCUGUAATsT 136 UUACAGCAUUUACAGCAGATsT 208 AD-9911 234-252 ucuGcuGuAAAuGcuGuAATsT 137 UuAcAGcAUUuAcAGcAGATsT 209 AD-10821 234-252 ucuGcuGuAAAuGcuGuAATsT 138 uuAcAGcAuuuAcAGcAGATsT 210 AD-10841 57-75 AGGCUGCCUGUCUCCUGCUTsT 139 AGCAGGAGACAGGCAGCCUTsT 211 AD-9912 57-75 AGGcuGccuGucuccuGcuTsT 140 AGcAGGAGAcAGGcAGCCUTsT 212 AD-10822 57-75 AGGcuGccuGucuccuGcuTsT 141 AGcAGGAGAcAGGcAGcCUTsT 213 AD-10842 58-76 GGCUGCCUGUCUCCUGCUUTsT 142 AAGCAGGAGACAGGCAGCCTsT 214 AD-9913 58-76 GGcuGccuGucuccuGcuuTsT 143 AAGcAGGAGAcAGGcAGCCTsT 215 AD-10823 58-76 GGcuGccuGucuccuGcuuTsT 144 AAGcAGGAGAcAGGcAGcCTsT 216 AD-10843 Table 2B. Activity. position in mouse access. # duplex name % inhib at 50 nM (%) IC50 (uM) 171-189 AD-9890 95 0.052 171-189 AD-10800 86 0.056 171-189 AD-10824 22 172-190 AD-9891 89 0.15 172-190 AD-10801 17 172-190 AD-10825 16 170-188 AD-9892 91 0.099 170-188 AD-10802 23 170-188 AD-10826 44 284-302 AD-9893 70 284-302 AD-10803 80 0.34 284-302 AD-10827 65 173-191 AD-9894 64 173-191 AD-10804 27 173-191 AD-10828  0 177-195 AD-9895 71 177-195 AD-10805 40 177-195 AD-10829 57 178-196 AD-9896 30 178-196 AD-10806 26 178-196 AD-10830 23 100-118 AD-9897 62 100-118 AD-10807 11 100-118 AD-10831  3 120-138 AD-9898 86 0.031 120-138 AD-10808 85 0.076 120-138 AD-10832 83 14 176-194 AD-9899 61 176-194 AD-10809 62 176-194 AD-10833 61 372-390 AD-9900 56 372-390 AD-10810 17 372-390 AD-10834  0 169-187 AD-9901 95 0.096 169-187 AD-10811 25 169-187 AD-10835 10 245-263 AD-9902 94 0.032 245-263 AD-10812 92 0.03 245-263 AD-10836 88 0.065 231-249 AD-9903 69 231-249 AD-10813 58 231-249 AD-10837 73 11 60-78 AD-9904 76 60-78 AD-10814 29 60-78 61-79 AD-9905 43 61-79 AD-10815 18 61-79 59-77 AD-9906 71 59-77 AD-10816  2 59-77 62-80 AD-9907 72 62-80 AD-10817  3 62-80 56-74 AD-9908 76 56-74 AD-10818 16 56-74 AD-10838  8 232-250 AD-9909 79 232-250 AD-10819 39 232-250 AD-10839 35 233-251 AD-9910 70 233-251 AD-10820 55 233-251 AD-10840 74 2.7 234-252 AD-9911 66 234-252 AD-10821 66 234-252 AD-10841 58 57-75 AD-9912 56 57-75 AD-10822  0 57-75 AD-10842  0 58-76 AD-9913 63 58-76 AD-10823  0 58-76 AD-10843  3

TABLE 3 Modified duplexes: sequences and activity in COS-7 cells Table 3A: Sequences position in human SEQ SEQ access. parent Sense strand ID Antisense strand ID duplex # Duplex sequence (5′-3′) NO sequence (5′-3′) NO name 283-301 AD-9915 GcuGcuGucAucGAucAAATsT 217 uuuGAUCGAuGAcAGcAGCTsT 234 AD-11449 56-74 AD-9917 ccAGAcAGAcGGcAcGAuGTsT 218 cAUCGuGCCGUCuGUCuGGTsT 235 AD-11450 238-256 AD-9919 GAAGGAGGcGAGAcAcccATsT 219 uGGGuGUCUCGCCUCCuUCTsT 236 AD-11451 315-333 AD-9920 uGcAAGAcGuAGAAccuAcTsT 220 GuAGGuUCuACGUCuUGcATsT 237 AD-11452 291-309 AD-9922 cAucGAucAAAGuGuGGGATsT 221 UCCcAcACuuuGAUCGAuGTsT 238 AD-11453 57-75 AD-9923 cAGAcAGAcGGcAcGAuGGTsT 222 CcAUCGuGCCGUCuGUCuGTsT 239 AD-11454 243-261 AD-9925 AGGcGAGAcAcccAcuuccTsT 223 GGAAGuGGGuGUCUCGCCUTsT 240 AD-11455 314-332 AD-9935 cuGcAAGAcGuAGAAccuATsT 224 uAGGuUCuACGUCuuGcAGTsT 241 AD-11456 65-83 AD-9940 cGGcAcGAuGGcAcuGAGcTsT 225 GCUcAGuGCcAUCGuGCCGTsT 242 AD-11457 285-303 AD-9941 uGcuGucAucGAucAAAGuTsT 226 ACuuuGAUCGAuGAcAGcATsT 243 AD-11458 382-400 AD-9942 GAAcAuAGGucuuGGAAuATsT 227 uAuUCcAAGACCuAuGuUCTsT 244 AD-11459 282-300 AD-9943 GGcuGcuGucAucGAucAATsT 228 uuGAUCGAuGAcAGcAGCCTsT 245 AD-11460 284-302 AD-9944 cuGcuGucAucGAucAAAGTsT 229 CuuuGAUCGAuGAcAGcAGTsT 246 AD-11461 280-298 AD-9945 GcGGcuGcuGucAucGAucTsT 230 GAUCGAuGAcAGcAGCCGCTsT 247 AD-11462 286-304 AD-9946 GcuGucAucGAucAAAGuGTsT 231 cACuuuGAUCGAuGAcAGCTsT 248 AD-11463 287-305 AD-9947 cuGucAucGAucAAAGuGuTsT 232 AcACuuuGAUCGAuGAcAGTsT 249 AD-11464 289-307 AD-9948 GucAucGAucAAAGuGuGGTsT 233 CcAcACuuuGAUCGAuGACTsT 250 AD-11465 Table 3B: Activity position in human access. duplex % # parent Duplex name  inhib IC50 (nM) 283-301 AD-9915 AD-11449 16 56-74 AD-9917 AD-11450 84 4.04 238-256 AD-9919 AD-11451 10 315-333 AD-9920 AD-11452 60 291-309 AD-9922 AD-11453 88 0.33 57-75 AD-9923 AD-11454 52 243-261 AD-9925 AD-11455 37 314-332 AD-9935 AD-11456 63 65-83 AD-9940 AD-11457 29 285-303 AD-9941 AD-11458 85 0.66 382-400 AD-9942 AD-11459 88 0.18 282-300 AD-9943 AD-11460 21 284-302 AD-9944 AD-11461 28 280-298 AD-9945 AD-11462 60 286-304 AD-9946 AD-11463 31 287-305 AD-9947 AD-11464 53 289-307 AD-9948 AD-11465 55 

We claim:
 1. A method of inhibiting the expression of hepcidin antimicrobial peptide (HAMP) in a cell or tissue, comprising contacting the cell or tissue with a compound comprising an antisense strand and a sense strand that are each equal to or less than 30 nucleotides in length, wherein the compound is targeted to a nucleic acid molecule encoding HAMP and comprising the first nineteen nucleotides of SEQ ID NO:29 (GAACAUAGGUCUUGGAAUA), and wherein the compound specifically hybridizes with a 5′ untranslated region or coding region of the nucleic acid molecule, so that expression of HAMP is inhibited by at least 20%.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound comprises at least one modified nucleotide.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the modified nucleotide is chosen from the group of: a 2′-O-methyl modified nucleotide, a nucleotide comprising a 5′-phosphorothioate group, and a terminal nucleotide linked to a cholesteryl derivative or dodecanoic acid bisdecylamide group.
 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the modified nucleotide is chosen from the group of: a 2′-deoxy-2′-fluoro modified nucleotide, a 2′-deoxy-modified nucleotide, a locked nucleotide, an abasic nucleotide, 2′-amino-modified nucleotide, 2′-alkyl-modified nucleotide, morpholino nucleotide, a phosphoramidate, and a non-natural base comprising nucleotide.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the sense strand is modified as follows: GAAcAuAGGucuuGGAAuATsT (SEQ ID NO:227) and the antisense strand is modified as follows: uAuUCcAAGACCuAuGuUCTs (SEQ ID NO:244), wherein “c” indicates a 2′-O-methyl modified cytodine; “u” indicates a 2′-O-methyl modified uracil, and sT indicates a 5′-phosphorothioate modified thymidine.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the sense strand consists of SEQ ID NO:29 and the antisense strand consists of SEQ ID NO:65.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the sense strand comprises SEQ ID NO:29 and the antisense strand comprises SEQ ID NO:65.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound is formulated in a lipid formulation.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound is formulated in a liposome.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound is conjugated to a molecule.
 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the molecule is a ligand moiety or a non-ligand moiety.
 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the cell or tissue is human.
 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the expression of HAMP is inhibited by at least 60%.
 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the expression of HAMP is inhibited by at least 70%.
 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the expression of HAMP is inhibited by at least 80%.
 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the expression of HAMP is inhibited by at least 90%.
 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound specifically hybridizes with the 5′ untranslated region of the nucleic acid molecule.
 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound specifically hybridizes with the coding region of the nucleic acid molecule.
 19. The method of claim 1, wherein each strand is 21 nucleotides or less in length.
 20. A compound for inhibiting the expression of hepcidin antimicrobial peptide (HAMP) in a cell or tissue, comprising an antisense strand and a sense strand that are each equal to or less than 30 nucleotides in length, wherein the compound is targeted to a nucleic acid molecule encoding HAMP and comprising the first nineteen nucleotides of SEQ ID NO:29 (GAACAUAGGUCUUGGAAUA), and wherein the compound specifically hybridizes with a 5′ untranslated region or coding region of the nucleic acid molecule, so that expression of HAMP is inhibited by at least 20%. 